-
Factors for determining what constitutes a TS
- 1. extent to which info is known outside claimant's business
- 2. known by EEs and others involved in the business?
- 3. measures taken to guard secret?
- 4. value of info?
- 5. amount of effort/$ expended in developing the info
- 6. ease/difficulty which info could be properly acquired/dublicated by others
-
experimental use factors
- 1. necessity for public testing
- 2. amt of control by inventor
- 3. nature of the invention
- 4. length of test period
- 5. payment?
- 6. secrecy obligation?
- 7. records of experiment?
- 8. who conducted the experiment?
- 9. degree of commercial exploitation during experiment
- 10. invention reasonably requires evaluation under actual conditions of use?
- 11. systematic testing?
- 12. continued monitoring by inventor?
- 13. nature of contacts made with potential customers
-
nonobvious factors
- 1. scope/content of prior art
- 2. diff b/t prior art and claims at issue
- 3. level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art
- 4. secondary considerations
-
level of ordinary skill factors (nonbovious)
- 1. types of problems encountered in the art
- 2. prior art solutions to those problems
- 3. rapidity with which innovations are made
- 4. sophistication of the technology
- 5. edu level of active workers in the field
-
secondary considerations (nonobvious)
- 1. commercial success
- 2. long felt need and failure by others
- 3. awards and praise
- 4. skepticism, teaching away, unexpected results
- 5. licensing activity (acqueiscence)
- 6. copying
- 7. advances in collateral technology
- 8. near simultaneous invention
-
Teaching, suggestion, and motivation test factors (TSM test - nonobvious)
- 1. interrelated teachings of multiple patents
- 2. effects of demands known to the design community or present in the marketplace
- 3. background knowledge possessed by PHOSITA
-
undue experimentation factors (disclosure - patents)
- 1. breadth of the claims
- 2. nature of the invention
- 3. state of the prior art
- 4. level of PHOSITA
- 5. level of predictiability in the art
- 6. amt of direction provided by the inventor
- 7. existence of working examples
- 8. quantity of experimentation needed to make/use the invention based on the content of the disclosure
-
damages for lost profits (patent infringement)
- 1. demand for the patented product
- 2. absence of acceptable non-infringing substitutes
- 3. manufacturing/marketing capability to exploit the demand
- 4. amt profit would have made
-
utilitarian function factors (copyright)
- 1. element nec for implemenation
- 2. element increases efficiency of process
- 3. external factors favor adoption of element
- 4. element = standard in industry
- 5. unprotected procedure, process, system, or method of operation?
-
work for hire categories
- 1. contribution to collective work
- 2. part of motion picture/audiovisual work
- 3. translation
- 4. supplementary work
- 5. compilation
- 6. instructional text
- 7. answer material for test
- 8. atlas
-
EE factors
- 1. skill required
- 2. source of instrumentalities/tools
- 3. location of work
- 4. duration of relationship b/t parties
- 5. whether hiring party has the right to assign additional projects to the hired party
- 6. right of artist to employ own helpers
- 7. hired parties control over manner/means of accomplishing project
- 8.whether creation in hirer's line of business
- 9. control over when and how long hired party works
- 10. method of payment
- 11. EE benefits/taxes
-
Fair Use factors (copyright)
- 1. purpose/character of the use
- 2. nature of copyrighted work
- 3. substaniality of portion used in relation to copyright work as a whole
- 4. effect on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
-
injunction factors
- 1. irreparable harm
- 2. remedies at law inadequate
- 3. balancing hardship b/t parties equitable remedy is warranted
- 4. public interest not disserved
-
secondary meaning factors (trademark)
- 1. extent of sales/advertising
- 2. length of use
- 3. exclusivity of use
- 4. fact of copying
- 5. customer surveys
- 6. customer testimony
- 7. use of mark in trade journals
- 8. size of company
- 9. number of sales
- 10. numbers of customers
- 11. actual confusion
-
LoC factors (trademark)
- 1. strength of mark
- 2. proximity of goods
- 3. similarity of marks **
- 4. evidence of actual confusion
- 5. marketing channels used
- 6. sophistication of customer
- 7. D intent **
- 8. likelihood of expansion
-
Famous factors (trademark - dilution)
- 1. duration, extent, and geo reach of ads and publicity of mark
- 2. amt, vol, and geo extent of sales
- 3. extent of actual recognition
- 4. Act mark is registered under
-
blurring factors (TM - dilution)
- 1. degree of similarity b/t marks
- 2. degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of famous mark
- 3. famous mark exclusivity
- 4. recognition of famous mark
- 5. D intended to create association with famous mark?
- 6. any actual association b/t marks
-
cybersquatting intent factors
- 1. dn consists of legal name of person
- 2. bona fide offering of any goods/service
- 3. noncommercial or fair use
- 4. intent to divert customers
- 5. financial gain
- 6. false contact info
- 7. history of cybersquatting
- 8. mark incorporated distinct/famous?
-
functionality factors (trademark)
- 1. existence of expired utility patent claiming utilitarian advantages of design
- 2. advertising emphasizing advantages of design
- 3. registered v. unregistered
- 4. product design v. packaging
-
TS claim elements
- 1. valuable information
- 2. not generally known
- 3. not readily ascertainable
- 4. D acquired wrongfully
-
misappropriation (TS)
- 1. improper means (acquisition)
- 2. disclosure (CR)
- 3. material change in position after knowledge
- 4. BoP on D
-
possible ways of disclosure (TS)
- 1. publication
- 2. sale of product
- 3. T disclosure
- 4. accidental
- 5. required
-
proper means (TS)
- 1. RE
- 2. II
- 3. public observation
- 4. published literature
-
patent elements
- 1. PSM
- 2. novelty/statutory bar
- 3. utility
- 4. nonobvious
- 5. disclosure
-
utility test
credible, substantial, and specific
-
types of disclosure (patent)
- 1. written description
- 2. enablement
- 3. best mode
-
novelty is denied if:
- 1. known by others
- 2. used by others
- 3. patented
- 4. published
-
PSM
- 1. process
- 2. manufacture
- 3. machine
- 4. composition of matter
-
excluded subject matter (patent)
LAM
-
types of patent infringement
- 1. literal
- 2. DoE
- 3. direct/indirect
-
patent defenses
- 1. PHE
- 2. argument based estoppel
- 3. invalidity
- 4. experimental use
- 5. inequitable conduct
- 6. exhaustion of patent rights
- 7. patent misuse
-
copyright requirements
- 1. originality
- 2. fixed in tangible medium
-
unprotected elements (copyright)
- 1. ideas
- 2. process/method
- 3. facts
- 4. public domain material
- 5. merged expression
- 6. gov works
- 7. common/std expression
-
exclusive copyright rights
- 1. distribution
- 2. reproduction
- 3. adaptation
- 4. public display
- 5. public performance
- 6. moral rights (visual arts)
- 7. anticircumvention
-
idea/expression dichotomy (copyright)
- 1.animating concepts
- 2. functional principles/solution
- 3. func building blocks
- 4. merger doctrine
- 5. thin copyright
- 6. scenes a faire
-
domain/scope (copyright)
- 1. literary work
- 2. musical work
- 3. dramatic work
- 4. pictoral, graphic, sculptural
- 5. architectural
- 6. motion picture
- 7. sound recording
- 8. panamime/choreography
- 9. derivative works
- 10. compulations
-
useful article test
conceptually and/or physically separable and independent
-
copyright infringement elements
- 1. actual copying
- 2. misappropriation
- 3. substantial similarity
- (BoP on P)
-
types of infringement (copyright)
- 1. direct
- 2. contributory
- 3. VL
-
defenses (copyright)
- 1. fair use
- 2. indpt creation
- 3. consent/license
- 4. copyright misuse
- 5. 1st amendment
- 6. immoral/illegal/obscene
- 7. SoL
- 8. first sale
-
trademark heirarchy
- 1. arbitrary/fanciful
- 2. suggestive
- 3. descriptive
- 4. generic
-
distinctiveness tests (TM)
- 1. dictionary
- 2. imagination
- 3. usefulness to competitors
- 4. actual use by others
-
functionality tests (TM)
- 1. use/purpose
- 2. quality/value
- 3. competitor disadvantage
-
grounds to refuse registration (TM)
- 1. deceptive
- 2. scandalous/immoral
- 3. disparage
- 4. flag/symbol
- 5. name of famous person
- 6. resembles registered mark
- 7. descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive
- 8. geo descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive
- 9. surname
- 10. functional
-
PR benefits (TM)
- 1. constructive use/notice nationwide
- 2. incontestability
- 3. treble damages
- 4. bar importation
- 5. prima facie evidence of validity
-
cybersquatting claim elements
- 1. legit TM right in P
- 2. identical/confusingly similar dn
- 3. no D legit rights
- 4. bad faith
-
-
types of dilution
- 1. blurring
- 2. tarnishment
-
TM defenses
- 1. genericness
- 2. functionality
- 3. abandonment
- 4. fraudulent registration
- 5. misrepresentative use of mark
- 6. fair use
- 7. antitrust violation
- 8. rights of junior user
- 9. equity
- 10. nominative uses
- 11. parody defense
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