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How does the brain develop?
NEURAL TUBE divides into PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES (prosen, mesen, rhomben-cephalon), which form the SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES (telen, dien, mesen, meten, myelen- cephalon), which form the ADULT BRAIN STRUCTURES.
- The ADULT NEURAL CANAL REGIONS
- lateral ventricles = cerebrum
- third ventricles = diencephalon
- cerebral aqueduct = midbrain
- fourth ventricle = pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
- central canal = spinal cord
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What are the nervous cells? What are their functions?
NEURONS- transmitting cells
- NEUROGLIA
- - supporting cells
- MICROGLIA
- act as phagocytes
- OLIGODENDROCYTES
- myelinate the neurons in CNS
- ASTROCYTES
- control the chemical environment around neurons
- EPENDYMAL
- circulate cerebrospinal fluid
- SCHWANN
- myelinate the extensions of the neurons in PNS
- SATELLITE
- surround cell body of the neuron in the PNS
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What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve? Where is it located?
- - provides somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue
- - medulla
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What is the function of the accessory nerve? Where is it located?
- - provides somatic motor fibers to trapezium and sternocleidomastoid
- - spinal cord
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What is the function of the vagus nerve? Where is it located?
- - carry impulses TO pharynx
- - medulla
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What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? Where is it located?
- - sensory fibers carry impulses FROM pharynx, tonsils, taste buds, etc.
- - medulla
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What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve? Where is it located?
- - transmits impulses related to hearing and equilibrium
- - inner ear
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What is the function of the facial nerve? Where is it located?
- - supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression
- - pons
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What is the function of the abducens nerve? Where is it located?
- - carries somatic fibers to the lateral rectus muscle
- - inferior pons
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What is the function of the trochlear nerve? Where is it located?
- - major sensory nerve of face; conducts sensory impulses
- - pons
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What is the function of the trochlear nerve? Where is it located?
- - provides somatic motor fibers to superior oblique muscle that moves eyeball
- - midbrain
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What is the function of the oculomotor nerve? Where is it located?
- - directs eyeball through somatic motor fibers to inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles
- - dorsal midbrain
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What is the function of the optic nerve? Where is it located?
- - carries afferent impulses associated with vision
- - retina of eye
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What is the function of the olfactory nerve? Where is it located?
- - carries afferent impulses associated with sense of smell
- - olfactory epithelium
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What are the cranial nerves?
- olfactory,
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial [and then there's]
- vestibulocochlear
- [you can't forget the] glossopharyngeal
- [or the] vagus [too]
- [and then comes the] accessory,
- [the] hypoglossal [and then we're through]
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What is one hormone that the gonads produce?
testosterone
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What is one hormone that the pancreas produces?
insulin, glucagon
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What is one hormone that the adrenal glands produce?
epinephrine
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What is the one hormone that the parathyroid glands produce?
parathyroid hormone
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What is one hormone that the thyroid gland produces?
thyroid hormone
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What is one hormone that the pineal gland produces?
melatonin
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What is one hormone that the pituitary gland produces?
- anterior = growth hormone
- posterior = oxytocin
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What is one hormone that the hypothalamus produces?
GHRH- growth hormone releasaing hormone
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What are the primary endocrine glands?
- 1) hypothalamus
- 2) pituitary gland
- 3) pineal gland
- 4) thyroid gland
- 5) parathyroid glands
- 6) adrenal glands
- 7) pancreas
- 8) gonads (ovaries and testes)
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