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Organic Chemistry
- most Organic molecules contain carbon
- Abundant in living organisms
- Macromolecules are large, complex organic molecules
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Carbon
- Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
- Needs 4 more electrons to fill the shell
- Make up to 4 bonds
- --Usually single or double bonds
- Carbon can form nonpolar and polar bonds (face each other)
- --nonpolar bonds: poorly water soluble
- --polar bonds: more water soluble
- * nonpolar and polar are different at how they come together/apart
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Functional Groups
- Groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important
- Each type of functional group exhibits the same properties in all molecules in which it occurs
- Amino - R-NH2 - amino acids (proteins)
- Carboxyl - R-O=C-OH - Amino Acids, fatty acids
- Hydroxyl - R-OH - Steroids, alcohol, carbohydrates, some amino acids
- Phosphate - R-O-S(=O2)-O_ - Nucleic acid, ATP attached to amino acid
- Sulfate - R-O-S(=O2)-O_ - May be attached to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
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Isomers
- Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics
- Structural isomers: contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships
- Stereoisomers: identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers
- Geometric: cis, trans
- Enantiomers: mirror isomer
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4 major types of organic molecules and macromolecules
- 1.Carbohydrates
- 2.Lipids
- 3.Proteins
- 4.Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- --Cn(H2O)n
- Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group
- Soluble in water
- NO nitrogen
- --C., H., O.
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Monosaccharides
- Simplest sugars: Most common are 5 or 6 carbons
- --Pentoses- ribose (C5H10O5)
- --Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)
- --Hexose- glucose (C6H12O6)
- Different ways to depict structures
- --Ring or linear
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Glucose isomers
- Structural isomers - different arrangement of same elements
- Glucose and galactose
- --B-D and B-L..
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Disaccharides
- Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides
- Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction
- Broken apart by hydrolysis
- Examples -sucrose, maltose, lactose
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Polysaccharides
- Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
- --Energy storage – starch, glycogen
- --Structural role – cellulose, chitin, glycosaminoglycans
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Lipids
- Composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms
- Feature:nonpolar and therefore very insoluble in water
- --Carbon and Hydrogen
- NO Oxygen
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Fats
- 1.Mixture of triglycerides (different forms of lipids)
- --Also known as triacylglycerols
- 2.Formed by bonding glycerol to three fatty acids
- 3.Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction
- 4.Broken apart by hydrolysis
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Triglyceride (fat)
- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids =Dehydration= Tryglyceride + 3 H2O
- The new bond created is called an ESTER bond
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