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What is genomics?
a scientific field involving the determination of content, organization and evolution of genomes of different organisms
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What are the two major maps that determine gene location in a genome?
- Genetic linkage- relative arrangement and approximate distance
- Physical- physical location of gene on chromosome
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What is the lowest and highest resolution of maps?
- Genetic map
- the actual DNA sequence
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How many genes does the human genome project contain?
20,000-25,000
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What is the smallest and largest genome?
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Why decode nonhuman genome?
To provide information about gene organization, function, evolution.
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What functions of the human genome have yet to be understood?
- Exact location and function of all genes
- How genes are regulated
- How chromosomes are organized
- Roles for DNA that dont code protein
- How proteins interact with each other
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What is a proteome?
A protein complement of a genome
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What is proteomics?
- Study the function and regulation of the protein
- Expression and identification of proteins
- Structure
- How proteins interact with each other in the cells
- listing proteins in a database
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What is pharmacogenomics?
Studies how the genome is affect by and responds to different drugs
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What is bioinformatics?
Incorporates biology, computer science, and information technology
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What are the 2 major classes of repetitive DNA?
- Tandemly repetitive sequences of satellite DNA 10%
- Interspersed repetitive DNA 5-20% (SINES AND LINES)
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What are microsatellites?
- Short Tandem Repeats
- very short, with repeated sequences of about 2-5 bp
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What are minisatellites?
- Located near the ends of chromosomes
- hypervariable
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What are macrosatellites?
- Located near centromeres and telomeres
- Megabases in length.
- Length makes them subject to breakage
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Because humans are diploid organisms, each individual has 2 alleles per locus. Individuals could be which 2 things?
- Homozygous- 2 copies of same overall length
- Heterozygous- 2 copies of different overall length
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What are variable number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)?
- Made of short sequence
- inherited
- the # of times the core sequence is repeated is variable
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Why are Multilocus Minisatellites VNTR more difficult to interpret than single-locus patterns?
- large # of bonds usually generated
- Incomplete cutting of DNA
- DNA degredation
- Low DNA recovery
- Identification problems
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What are some potential problems with multiplexing that need to be overcome?
- Primers can sometime complex with multiple loci
- Locus may not amplify as well
- Optimization of PCR conditions can present a challenge
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Why is STR-based DNA typing the method of choice?
- much less labor intensive
- can use badly degraded DNA
- Very small amounts of DNA are required
- Mixed DNA samples can be resolved;-0p
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What are the methods of DNA Profiling?
- Southern blot hybridization
- Restriction enzyme digestion
- Gel electrophoresis
- Autoradiography
- PCR
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What are the 2 major challenges in forensic analysis?
- Calculate probability of coincidental matches by comparing with a reference population
- Find the criteria for determining what constitutes a relevant reference population
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What is forensic Archaeology?
The use of forensic science to examine and make conclusions about archaeological discoveries
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