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bradycardia
slow heart beat, ventricular contractions less tan 60bpm
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bruit
abnormal sound heard when an artery us ausulated, usually a blowing or swishing sound, high pitch than a murmur
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cardiodynia
heart pain described as atypical or ishemic
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cardiomegaly
enalrgement of heart
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claudication
cramplike pains in the calives cause by poor circulation
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cyanosis
lacks of oxygen, bluish/grayish discoloration
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diaphoresis
profuse secretion of sweat
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dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
difficult and/or painful breathing; if DOE, is experienced when effort is expneded
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murmur
abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, wich may be described as gentle blowing, fluttering or hummiing sound
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pallor
palness of skin and or mucosal membranes. on darker pigmented skin, it is noted in the inner surface of the lower eyelids or nail bends
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palpitations
pounding or racing of heart, patient is aware of it
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pulmonary congestion
excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels, usually associated with heart failure
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shortness of breath (SOB)
breathless, air hunger
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syncope
fainting, loss of consciousness
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tachycardia
rabid heartbeat, more than 100bpm
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thrill
fine vibration felt by the examiner on palpitation
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venous distension
enlarged or swollen veins
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coarctation of the aorta
congential cardiac anomaly characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta, another term for narrowing
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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most often in premature infants. Patent means open, occulude means closed
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septal defect
any congential abnomality of the walls between the heart chambers
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atrial septal defect (ASD)
hole in the wall between the upper chambers
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venricular septal defect (VSD)
hole in the walls between the lower 2 chambers
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tetralogy of fallot
congential cardiac anomoly that consists of 4 defects
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aortic stenosis (AS)
narrowing of the aortic valve which may be acquired or congential
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mitral stenosis (MS)
narrowing of the valve between the left and right ventricular caused by adhesions on the leaflets of the valve
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole
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orthopnea
condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe compfortably
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tricuspid stenosis (TS)
uncommon narrowing of the trucuspid valvue associated with lesions or other valves caused by rheumatic fever
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arrhythmia
abnormal heartbeat. aka dysrhythmia
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atrioventricular block
partial or complete heart block this is the result of a lack of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles (aka heart block)
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bundle branch block (BBB)
incomplete electrical conduction in the bundle branches, L or R
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ectopic beats
heartbeats that occur outside of normal rhythm
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atrial
atrial ectopic beats (AEB) are irregulr contractions of the atria (aka premature atrial contractions (PAC))
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ventricular
ventricular ectopic (VEB) are irregular contractions of the ventricles (aka ventricular contractions (PVC))
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fibrilltion
extrmeley rapid and irregular contractions (300-600/miin) occuring with or without an underlyin cardiovacuslar disorder
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atrial fibrillation (AF)
most common type of arythmia
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ventricular arrythmia
rapid, irregular ventricular contractionsl may be fatal unless reversed
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flutter
extrmely rapid, but regular hearbeat (250-350)
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atrial flutter
rapid, regular atrial rythm
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sick sinus syndrome (SSS)
any abnormality of the sinus node that may include the ncesessity of an implantable pacemaker
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ventriclar trachyadia
condition of ventricular contractions >100bpm
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angina pectoris
paroxysmal chest pain that is often accompanied by shortnesss of breath and a sensation of impeding doom
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to angina
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cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial sac
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cardiomyopathy
progressive disorder of the ventricles of the heart
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endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium and heart valuves, characteriszed by lesions and microbes
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heart failure (HF)
inability of the heart muscles to pump blood efficiently (aka CHF)
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pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, with the possibility of pericardial effusion
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layers of the heart
endocarium, myocardium, pericardium
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endocardium
thin tissue that acts as a lining of each of the chambers and valvues
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myocardium
cardiac muscle surrounding each of these chambers
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pericardium
double folded layer of connective tissue that surround the heart
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aneurysm
localized diltion of an artery caused by a congential or acquired weakness in the wall of the vessel
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arteriolsclerosis
disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of antheromas
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atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis in which medium and large arteries have atheromas,
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esophageal varices
varicose veins that appear in the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension; superficial and may cause ulceration and bleeding
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hemorrhoid
varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins that causes painful swellings at the anus
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orthostatic hypotension
experiencing low bp upon rising to standing position
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peripheral arterial occlusion
blockage of blood flow to the extremities
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peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
any vascular disorder limited to the extremeites; may affect not only the arteries and veins but also the lympatics
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Raynaud disease
- idiopathic disease that is of unknown cause.
- peripheral vascular system that causes intermittent cyanosis/erythmea of the distal ends of the fingers
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thrombophlebitis
inflammation of either deep veins (deep being thrombosis (DVT)) or superficial veins (supericial vein thrombosis, or SVT)
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varicose veins
elongated, dilated superficial veins (varices) with incompetent valves that permit reverse blood flow
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vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels. aka angitis
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atrial myxoma
benign growth usually occuring on the interatrial septum
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hemangioma
noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels. may be conential "stork bite" or may develop later in life
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cardiac myxosarcoma
rare heart cancer usually orginiating in the left atrium
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hemangiosarcoma
rare cancer of cells that line blood vessels
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sphygmomanometer
measures bp
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auscultation and percussion (A&P)
listening to the internal sounds in the body, usually with a stethetscope, or by tapping
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angiocardiography
injection of a radiplaque substance during cardiac catheterization for the purpose of imaging th heart and related structures
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cardiac catheterization
threading a catheter into a heart to collect diagnostic info
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digital subtraction angiogrpahy (DSA)
digital imaging process wherein contrast images are usted to "subtract" the noncontrast image of surrounding structures, leaving only a clear image of blood vessels
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echocardigraphy (ECHO)
use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart
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transephageal echocardiography (TEE)
images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esphogaous
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exercise stress test (EST)
imaging of the heart during exercise on a treadmill with the use of radioactive ethallium or technetium
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Holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph the is worn to record the reaction of the heart to daily activities
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
computerized imaging that uses the radiofrequency pulses in a magnetic field to detect areas of mycardial infaction, stenoses, and areas of blood flow
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MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquistion scan is a noninvasive method of imaging a beating heart by tagging RBCs with a radio active substance
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myocardial perfusion imaging
use of radionuclide to diagnose CAD, valvular or congential heart disease
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phlebography
xray imaging of a vein after the introduction of a contrast dye
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positron emission tomography (PET)
computerized nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to help identify how much a patient will benefit from revascularization procedures
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radiography
postanterior and lateral chest xrays may be used to evaluate the size and shape of the heart
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Swan-Ganz catheter
long, thin cardiac catheter with a tiny balloon at the top that is fed into the femoral artery near the groin and extended up to the L venrical.
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cardiac enzyme test
blood test that measures the amount of cardiac enzymes characteristically released during the MI, determines the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphkinase in the blood
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lipid profile
blood test to measure the lipids in the circulating blood
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phlebotomy
the opening of a vein to withdraw a blood sample. aka venipuncture
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atherectomy
removal of plaque from the coronary artery through a catheter with a rotating shaver or a laser
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automatic implantable cardioverter defribillator
either external or implantable device that provides an electronic shock to the heart to restore a nomral rhythm
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cardiac peacemaker
small, battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm ; can be either internal or external
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
manual external cardiac massage and artifiical respiration used to restart the heartbeat and breating of a ptient
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commissurotomy
surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding parts of a body structure
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
open-heart surgery in which a pice of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage
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exracorporeal circulation (ECC)
use of a cariopulmonary machine to do the work of the heart during ope-heart procedures
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left ventrical assist device (LVAD)
machine pump device that assists a ptient's weakend heart by pulling blood from the L ventricles into the pump and then ejecting it out into the aorta
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minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB)
surgical prodecures in which the heart is still beating while a minimal incision is made over the blocked coronary artery and an artery from the chest wall is used as the bypass
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endovenous laser ablation (EVLT)
thermal destruction of veins using laser fibers within a vein. used to treat varicose veins
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hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids
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peripherally inserted central catherter (PICC)
a means of allowing intravenous access for delivering chemotheraphy, antibiotics, IV fluids, and feeding for a prolonged time
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phlebectomy
removal of a vein
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sclerotheraphy
injection of a chemical solution into varicosisties to cause inflammation
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