Chapter 7

lung

sinus (cavity)

breathing

chest

tonsil

trachea (windpipe)

uvula

structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

bony anterior (front) portion of the palate

muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape.

voice-box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration

subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward

functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration

normal breathing

slow breathing

fast breathing

shallow breathing

deep breathing

difficulty breathing

inability to breathe

ability to breathe only in an upright position

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorder such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis

high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance

bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

hoarseness

nosebleed

Coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

deficient amount of oxygen in the tissue cells

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli

density of an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process

thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)

panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough

collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)

abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

inflammation of the bronchi

lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive chan

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airway leads to the infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue

inflammation of the larynx

inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct " seal bark" cough

spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

prescence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)

inflammation of the pharynx

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

blood in the pleural cavity

inflammation of the pleura

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone

inflamation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemcicals

pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

air and blood in the pleural cavity

inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitvity to chemicals or dusts

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

disease caused by the prescence of Myocobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)

inflammation of the sinuses

periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi

analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of the lung function in the exchange of gases

abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity

abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood

abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

use of flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers

techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system

to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

a physical examination method of tapping hte body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination

a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1) after radioactive material is injected in the patient's blood, and 2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparision of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation

nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

recoding of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders

direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia

x-ray imaging

x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms indentify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph: PA, AP, lateral

CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses

x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material

excision of the adenoids

removal of a lobe of a lung

removal of a nasal polyp

removal of an entire lung

puncture for aspiration of the chest

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope

creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube

incision into the chest

excision of the palatine tonsils

excision of the tonsils and adenoids

creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

incision into the trachea

method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital blood organs when breathing and the heart have stopped

use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs

a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold and inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

mechanical breathing using a ventilator

a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels

a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on , causing constriciton of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels

a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing