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Spir/o
~pnea (suffix)
breathing
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Thorac/o
Pector/o
Steth/o
chest
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Trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
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Nose
structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
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Sinuses
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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Palate
roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
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Hard palate
bony anterior (front) portion of the palate
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Soft palate
muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate
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Pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
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Nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
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Oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
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Larynxgopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
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Tonsils
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
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Adenoid
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
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Uvula
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape.
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Larynx
voice-box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords
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Glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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Epiglottis
a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
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Trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
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Bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
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Right bronchus and left bronchus
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
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Bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
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Alveoli
thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
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Lungs
two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
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Lobes
subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
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Pleura
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
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Pleural cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
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Diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
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Mediastinum
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
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Mucous membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
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Cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward
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Parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
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Hypopnewa
shallow breathing
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Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
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Apnea
inability to breathe
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Orthopnea
ability to breathe only in an upright position
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Cheyne- Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
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Crackles
Rales
popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorder such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
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Wheezes
Rhonchi
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
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Stridor
high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
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Caseous Necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
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Cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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Expectoration
Coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
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Sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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Hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs
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Hypercapnia
Hypercarbia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Hypoventilation
deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
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Hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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Hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in the tissue cells
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Obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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Restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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Pulmonary edema
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
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Pulmonary infiltrate
density of an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
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Rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
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Asthma
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
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Atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
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Bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
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Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
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Bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm
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Emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive chan
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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Cystic Fibrosis
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airway leads to the infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue
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Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
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Laryngotracheobronchitis
Croup
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct " seal bark" cough
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Laryngospasm
spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
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Nasal polyposis
prescence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
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Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
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Pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
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Empyema
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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Hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
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Pleuritis
Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
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Pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
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Pneumonia
inflamation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemcicals
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Pneumocystis pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus
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Pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
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Pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
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Pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitvity to chemicals or dusts
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Pulmonary embolism
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
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Pulmonary tuberculosis
disease caused by the prescence of Myocobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)
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Sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
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Sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
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Tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
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Upper respiratory infection
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
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Arterial blood gas
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of the lung function in the exchange of gases
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pH
abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
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PaO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
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PaCO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Endoscopy
examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
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Bronchoscopy
use of flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
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Nasopharyngoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
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Examination methods
techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
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Auscultation
to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
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Percussion
a physical examination method of tapping hte body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
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Lung biopsy (Bx)
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
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Lung scan
a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1) after radioactive material is injected in the patient's blood, and 2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparision of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation
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Magnetic resonance imaging
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
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Polysomnography
recoding of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders
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Pulmonary function testing
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
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Spirometry
direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
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Tidal volume
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
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Vital capacity
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
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Peak flow
Peak expiratory flow rate
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
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Pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
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Chest x-ray
x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms indentify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph: PA, AP, lateral
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Computed Tomography
CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
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Pulmonary angiography
x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
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Adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
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Lobectomy
removal of a lobe of a lung
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Nasal polypectomy
removal of a nasal polyp
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Pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung
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Thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest
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Thoracoplasty
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
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Thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
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Thoracostomy
creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
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Thoracotomy
incision into the chest
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Tonsillectomy
excision of the palatine tonsils
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Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
excision of the tonsils and adenoids
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Tracheostomy
creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
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Tracheotomy
incision into the trachea
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital blood organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
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Continous positive airway pressure therapy
use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
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Endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
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Incentive spirometry
a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold and inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
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Mechanical ventilation
mechanical breathing using a ventilator
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Antibiotic
a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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Anticoagulant
a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels
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Antihistamine
a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
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Histamine
a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on , causing constriciton of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels
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Bronchodilator
a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
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Expectorant
a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
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