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Classical AI
- 1) Assumes digital computational theory of mind
- 2) Uses physical symbol systems
- -Thought it result of symbol manipulation
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Functionalism
- 1) Physical Kinds: Things are defined by what they are made of (mind=brain)
- 2) Functional Kinds: Things are defined by their function (doughnut=doorstop)
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Digital Computational Theory
- 1) Cognitive states are mental representations
- 2) Cognitive processes are computational operations performed on mental representations
- 3) Computations are digital
- 4) Use algorithms and programs
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Algorithm
A sequence of instructions and effective procedures. Independent of programming language
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Program
- Implement algorithms.
- Written in specific programming languages
- Algorithms are ideal, programs are specific
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Turing Test
Thought experiment asking if a machine could fool a human. Do we count this as thought? Does this mean a machine is intelligent? No.
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Classical AI vs. Connectionism
- Classical AI relied on physical symbol systems hypothesis. Results were slow and only worked in very small worlds
- Connectionism uses a neural net (ANN) to show a pattern of activation
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Artificial Neural Network
- Pattern of activation, like real neural network
- Mathematical model
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Components of ANNs
- Nodes: Have activation values, thresholds, can fire if input exceeds threshold. Like Cell Bodies
- Links: Connections between nodes. Have Weights, or numbers associated with the link.
- Weights: Can be anywhere from +1 to -1. Closer to |1|=heavier weight.
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Basis Function
- Sum of the activation values ties the connection weights.
- Sj=∑aiwji
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Activation Function
I don't know yet
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Lesioning and ANN
Cutting out certain links in an ANN to see if network performs like person with a brain injury. Can hypothesize relationship between organization of network and the organization of neural system.
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Robots
- 1) Mechanical creature that can function with no operator
- 2) Can adapt to changing environment
- 3) Can function even if some parts break
- 4) Can move and change things
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Primitives of robotic system
- Sense: Take information from environment, convert to information system, either from sensor of knowledge base
- Plan: Use information and generate set of tasks to execute. Analogue to human cognition.
- Act: Commands for action
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Reactive Paradigm
- Remove the Plan stage
- Subsumption Architecture
- Interaction between two layers (avoid objects, wander around) looks like intelligent behavior
- No central planning
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Uncanny valley
Gap in graph of similarity to familiarity in robots
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Distributed Cognition
Cognition is not confined to a single brain. It is spread across an individual's mind, body, the environment, and other people.
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Pragmatic vs. Epistemic actions
- Pragmatic: Change the world in order to have things in a certain position
- Epistemic: Change the world to make mental tasks easier. To aid with cognition
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Similarities and Differences in Animal and Human Cognition
N/A
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Embodiment Hypothesis
- How we think is intimately tied to our human bodies and interacting with the world with these bodies.
- Support: Affordances, Simulation
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Affordance
How a person thinks an object can be used or interacted with
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Emergent Structure
- 1) Evolutionary: Natural Selection
- 2) Epigenetic: from egg to embryo
- 3) Developmental: As we grow
- 4) Online: Self-organization of multiple organisms
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Social Cognition
- Recognition of Intention: Understanding that others have mental states/goals
- Joint Attention: Mutual focus on an object AND knowing the focus is mutual
- Theory of Mind: Understanding that others may have different mental states than your own
- Communicative Intention: You can change someone else's mental state via communicative action
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Habituation Paradigm
Show a stimulus to infant until bored, then show another stimulus and gauge reaction
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Mirror Neurons
- May cause empathy.
- We understand others because we simulate their actions or emotions.
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Cognitive Development
How humans acquire knowledge over the course of a lifetime
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Synaptic pruning
Change in the gray matter density in the brain, number of connections. Connections that are not used are removed.
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Piagetian Processes
- Assimilation: New experiences are linked to existing schema
- Accommodation: Schema is modified to include new experiences
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Piagetian stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor: beginning of intentional action and object permanence
- Preoperational: Lean to use language and egocentric thinking
- Concrete Operational: Have conservation, classify objects by more than one property
- Formal Operations: Abstract reasoning, hypothesis formation
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Conservation
You can move things around while still having the same amount of stuff
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Object Permanence
Things continue to exist even though they are not seen
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Nativist Approach to Cognitive Science
- Number
- Physics
- Language: Critical Period. Pro-Genie, Con-Don't know existing damage
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Deception in Children
Before 4, children can deceive to change someone's action, after 4 can deceive to change mental state
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Problem Solving
- General Approach
- Means-End
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Problem Space
Mental representation of a problem, including initial, final, and intermediate states
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Genreal Problem Solver
- Used mean-end analysis
- Worked with logic problems
- Can't solve real world problems
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Analogical thinking-Relations
Pattern of Similarity
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First Order vs. Higher Relations
- First Order: direct similarities
- Higher order: relations among relations. (x is like y in the same way a is like b)
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Analogical Processes
- Accessing: find items in memory
- Mapping: transfer information from source to target
- Inferencing: Generate new inferences
- Adapting/evaluating: choosing which information to map and which inferences not to draw
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Analogical Paradox
When tested in experimental situation, people only transfer when superficial properties are preserved.
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Human Factors Engineering
Field focusing on designing objects so that they are compatible with human body and human cognition.
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Principles of Good Design
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Design Cognition
The study of human information processing in design
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Design vs. Problem solving
Design is creating a plan. Problem solving is navigating through problem space to find a solution.
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Cognitive Science of Art
N/A
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