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preformationism
the idea that either the egg or the sperm contained a complete preformed individual (homunculus)
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how many cells in the human body?
100 trillion
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how many species of animals?
1.3 million
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2 characteristics of vertebrates
- 1. enclosed spinal cord
- 2. elaborate skull
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4 characteristics of chordates
- 1. notochord
- 2. hollow nerve cord dorsal to notochord
- 3. pharyngeal pouches
- 4. endostyle
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epigenesis
the unfolding development of an organism, in particular the development of a plant or animal from an egg or spore through a sequence of steps in which cells differentiate and organs form
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evo-devo uses...
- 1. molecular developmental biology
- 2. evolutionary biology
- main goal: study evolution of the genomic 'toolkit' common to all animals
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eon
- longest division of geological time
- i.e. eonothem, half a billion years or more
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era
- major division of geological time, usually divided into 2 or more periods
- i.e. erathem, several hundred million years
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epoch
tens of millions of years
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cretaceous was ___ mya. follows ____ and is followed by ___.
- 145-65 mya
- jurassic
- paleogene
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jurrassic was ___ mya. follows ____ and is followed by ___.
- 199-145 mya
- triassic
- cretaceous
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cambrian was ___ mya. followed by ____.
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holocene
geological epoch that began approx 12kya
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gastrulation
a phase early in the development of most animal embryos during which the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm form
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body plan
a set of morphological and developmental traits
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4 characteristics of bilaterally symmetrical
- 1. dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) sides
- 2. right and left sides
- 3. anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
- 4. cephalization (development of a head)
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transciptomics
the study of RNA
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how many phyla are there?
36
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when did multicellular life appear?
1.2 bya
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when did bilaterian life appear?
600 mya
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4 characteristics of animals
- 1. multicellular eukaryotes
- 2. lack cell walls
- 3. bodies held together by collagen
- 4. nervous tissue and muscular tissue
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ectoderm
layer covering embryo's surface
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endoderm
innermost germ layer lining developing digestive tube (archenteron)
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diploblastic
ecto and endoderms
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triploblastic
ecto, endo, mesoderms (all bilaterians)
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embryonic stem cells
can generate all embryonic cell types
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adult stem cells
cells that generate a limited number of cell types
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stages in zygote development
- 1. zygote
- 2. 8 cell stage
- 3. blastula
- 4. gastrula
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blastopore becomes ____ in protostome development
mouth
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blastopore becomes ___ in deuterostome development
anus
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Ecdysozoa
group of protostome animals including Arthropoda, Nematoda
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Lophotrochozoa
a group of protostome animals including trochozoans and lophophorata
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in deuterostome development, cleavage is ___ and ____.
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indeterminate cleavage
each cell in early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo; makes identical twins and embryonic stem cells possible
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larva
sexually immature and morphologically distinct from adult, eventually undergoes metamorphosis
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when was the evolutionary big bang?
535 mya
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when was the mass extinction of 22% marine families?
439 mya
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when was the mass extinction of 21% families overall?
250 mya (end of triassic period)
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notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod b/w digestive tube and nerve cord. provides skeletal support
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nerve cord
develops from plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord; develops into central nervous system
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two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes
- urochordates
- cephalochordates
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example of urochordate
tunicate. have notochord, lack head
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example of chephalochordate
lancelet
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hox genes
specify the location in an embryo that leads to the development of specific structures in that location
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3 examples of hox genes
- BF1 - forebrain
- Otx - midbrain
- HOx3 - hindbrain
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when did craniates come about?
530 mya
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what is unique to craniates?
neural crest: collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo
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what is the name for the group that includes sharks, rays, etc?
Chondrichthyans
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the vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called
Osteichthyes
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when did tetrapods come on land?
360 mya
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how many species of amphibians are there?
6000
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when did amphibians come about?
370 mya
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3 characteristics of amniotes
- 1. amniotic egg
- 2. relatively impermeable skin
- 3. ribcage to ventilate lungs
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when did reptiles come about?
310 mya
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3 characteristics of reptiles
- 1. scales -> waterproof
- 2. shelled eggs laid on land
- 3. most are ectothermic
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flight enhances what 4 things in birds?
- 1. hunting
- 2. scavenging
- 3. escape
- 4. migration
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what makes up feathers and wings?
keratin
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4 characteristics of primates
- 1. large brain, short jaws
- 2. forward looking eyes close together for depth perception
- 3. complex social behavior, parental care
- 4. fully opposable thumbs (monkeys/apes)
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5 characteristics of humans
- 1. upright posture, bipedal locomotion
- 2. larger brains
- 3. language, symbolic thought
- 4. manufacture and use of complex tools
- 5. shortened jaw and digestive tract
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when did hominins begin to walk long distances on 2 legs?
1.9 mya
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4 characteristics of Neanderthals
- 1. lived in Europe and Near East 200-28kya
- 2. thick boned, larger brain
- 3. buried dead
- 4. made hunting tools
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what was the first hominin out of africa?
Homo erectus, 1.8 mya
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when did the Homo sapiens come about, and where?
195kya in africa
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ecological footprint
area needed to support a population's lifestyle
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what is the estimated range of human population?
10-15 billion
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carrying capacity
the maximum population size the environment can support
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what hominin lived 6.5 mya?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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what hominin lived 6mya?
Orrorin tugenesis
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what hominin lived 5.75-4.5mya?
Ardipithecus ramidus
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what hominin lived 4.5-4mya?
Australopithecus anamensis
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what hominin lived 3.7-3 mya?
Kenyanthoropus platyops
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what hominin lived 4-3mya?
Australopithecus afarensis
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what hominin lived 3-2.4mya?
Australopithecus africanus
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what hominin lived 2.5 mya?
Australopithecus garhi
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what hominin lived 2.3-1.3mya?
Paranthropus boisei
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what hominin lived 2-1.5mya?
Paranthropus robustus
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what hominin lived 2.4-2.1mya?
Homo rudolfensis
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what hominin lived 2.4-1.6mya?
Homo habilus
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what hominin lived 1.9-1.5mya?
Homo ergaster
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what hominin lived .25mya?
Homo neanderthalensis
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what hominin lived 1.8-?mya
Homo erectus
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what hominin lived .25mya?
Homo sapiens
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cenozoic era was ___ years ago
65mya
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when do animals go to land?
460 mya
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when was the cambrian explosion?
530 mya
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when did the common ancestor live?
770mya
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3 hypotheses of cambrian explosion
- 1. new food sources and predator-prey relationships
- 2. rise in atmospheric O2
- 3. further evolution of Hox gene complex
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how many species of nematodes?
25k
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5 characteristics of nematodes
- 1. covered by tough cuticle, must molt
- 2. alimentary canal, lack circulatory system
- 3. pseudocoelomates
- 4. reproduce sexually through internal fertilization
- 5. parasitic nematodes can redirect cellular functions of hosts to avoid their immune systems
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annelids have 3 subgroups
- 1. Oligochaeta - earthworms
- 2. Polychaeta - polychaetes
- 3. Hirudinea - leeches
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why both doing "extreme environment" research? (6)
- 1. discover new ecosystems
- 2. investigate novel kinds of biology (ecosystem based on chemosynthesis)
- 3. understand new potentials for sources of bioenergy
- 4. evolution of early life in 'primitive' hot-vent conditions
- 5. examine possibility of life on other 'hot' planets
- 6. new biotechnological applications
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how many species of vertebrates?
52k
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