Infant/Toddler Educare

Process of converting cartilage to bone

Process of hardening continues

• Ossification
• Calcification

• Allow a wide range of movement
• Stimulate the senses
• Offer novelty, variety, and challenge
• Address safety and comfort

• Lack of knowledge about appropriate physical activities for indoor and outdoor settings
• Lack of funding to purchase appropriate equipment
• Lack of knowledge regarding adaptions for children with special needs
• A reluctance to take children outdoors because of temperature considerations or the preparation time required for dressing children at this age

• Hand preference may develop a pattern
• Manipulative Skills
• Manual Dexterity
• Hand-Eye Coordination
• Self-Help Skills further develop and should be fostered

Learned behaviors involving an increasing ability to handle materials and objects successfully

the individual's ability to use the hands to achieve complex tasks

The skilled connection between seeing something, reaching for it, and grasping it

• The individual's gradual maturational process of understanding and acquiring skills required to use the toilet for bowel movements and urination
• Children must be maturationally ready to learn to use the toilet. You should never force this.
• Some children do not have control over their bowel and bladder functions until 36 months, so be patient

• View the process as learning, rather than training
• Understand that bowel control usually happens before bladder control
• Have consisten procedures that are followed at home and at center

• Food jags are normal
• Children are neophobic
• FITS study (2004) found that 8-15 repeated exposures of a new food were necessary for a child to accept it. Caregivers/Parents typically only offer it 3-5 times and then give up
• Children still need finger foods because they have limited fine motor skills for eating with utensils

• They can respond to different "good" and "bad" smells
• They may enjoy smelling games and new sensations

• Most children have reached 20/20 vision by 12-18 months, however some genetic or other factors can influence this development
• Observational Learning is key. Young children learn by watching other people's behaviors and responses
• They may not realize that when they see only part of a picture/object, it is part of a whole

• Trial and Error
• Discovery Play
• Concepts

Learning through experimenting and making mistakes, as well as successes

Spontaneous activity that involves finding out the properties of materials and how they work

Clusters of schemes (patterns, mental representations) that together create an idea

• Visual
• Auditory
• Tactile/Kinesthetic

Paying attention to a stimulus

The individual's best or preferred way of communicating and functioning

• Most children this age understand around 70 words
• They should be able to follow simple instructions
• Should be able to point to familiar objects and identify several parts of the body when asked
• Speech should be 25% intelligible to anyone who hears it
• Tuneful babbling
• Variegated Babbling

Strings of sound that have patterns of pitch and rhythm

Long strings of different syllables used in vocal experimentation

Vocal interactions that resemble real conversations but lack grammatical rules (ba ba for bottle)

One-word utterance that stands for a whole phrase; the meaning depends on the context (ba ba for "I want my bottle)

Sounds of language

Absorbing rules of the language

Vast vocabulary and appreciating meanings

Learning the purposes and intents of language

Is different than Phonics. Phonics are not considered appropriate at these ages

• Temper Tantrums
• Shame and guilt are new emotions for toddlers
• Focus on prosocial skills
• Continue to foster attachment between caregivers and the child

A loss of control of emotions or the experience of conflicted feelings, resulting in anger. Occur frequently at this stage because toddlers have little emotion regulation.

Learned behaviors that intend to help others such as sharing and helping

An individuals preception of his overall positive or negative self worth

Spontaneous, intrinsically motivated, enjoyable activity resulting in learning; the child's work; a means of discovery; practice for adulthood; an actvitiy to reduce stress; a means of fostering development; a route to self-discovery; a way of learning social skills; an activity for its own sake

Involves repeated actions that aid in discovery

Involves touching, smelling, tasting, hearing, and/or seeing

Activity that involves process of using words or actions for something else

Act of copying single action or actions of others

Spontaneous activity involving only the individual and no other participants.

Exploring a toy to see how it works such as banging toys together or dumping containers

• Take to babies, use simple language and eye contact
• Be responsive to their cues
• Share books and read together
• Provide writing materials to explore
• Have a literacy rich environment