-
when air temperature exceeds thier body temp. jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will
constrict the blood vessels in their large ears
-
a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions
animals with mutations that give rsie to effective structures will become more abundant
-
evolutionary adaptatons that help diverse animals exchange matter with teh environment include
external respiratory surface, small size, and two-layered body
-
similar fusiform body shsapes are seen in sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals because
the laws of physcis constrain the shapes that are possible for aquatic animals that swim very fast
-
regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures
short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by physiological organ systems
-
all animals whether large or small,
have all of their living cells surrounded by an aqueous medium
-
body size increases in animals
there is a decrease in the surface to volume ratio
-
to increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in the lungs and in the intestines, evolutionary pressures have
increased the surface area available for exchange
-
specialixed function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the gut is
increased exchange surface provided by their membranes
-
interstitial fluid
provides the exchange of materials between blood and body cells
-
multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an internal pond because
cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases and wastes
-
tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up
organs
-
an exchange surface is in direct contact with the external environment in the
lungs
-
the epithelium type with the shortest diffusion distance is
simple squamous epithelium
-
thethe lining of the smallest tubules in the kidneys is composed of
epithelial tissue
-
-
stratified cuboidal epithelium is
several layers of box-like cells
-
cnnetive tissue have
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
-
the fibers responsible for the elastic resistance of tendns are
collagenous fibers
-
-
fibroblasts secret
protins for connt. tissue
-
blood is best classified as connt tissue bc
its cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
-
muscles are joined to bones by
tendons
-
cartilage is
connective tissue
-
bones are held together at joints by
ligaments
-
matrix of connt tissue is apparent in
actin and myosin of muscle
-
nucleus of tyupical nerve cell is found in
cell body
-
all types of muscle tissue have
interactions between actin and myosin
-
skeletal muscle fibers are both
striated and voluntary
-
cardiac muscle is both
striated and branched
-
internal organs other than heart
smooth muscle
-
food moves along the digestive tract as result of contratctions by
smooth muscles
-
cells lining the air sacs in lungs make up
simple squam epithelium
-
bodys automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal envrio is termed
homeostasis
-
properly functioning homeostatic control syst is
kidneys excrete salt into urine when dietary sat levels rise
-
effetors role in homeostatic responses is observable when
increase in body temp results in shivering
-
positive feedback
nurising infant sucking increases the secretion of a milk releasing hormone in mother
-
positive feed back differs from neg. feedback in that
effectors response in pos feedback is in the same direction as the initiating stimlulus rather then opposite it
-
flight muscles for use on a cool morning hawkmouth moths
rapidly contrac and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth
-
ectotherm is more liekly to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm bc
ectotherm invests little energy int emp regulation
-
humans can lose, but not gain, heat through process of
evaporation
-
ectothermic organism that has few or no options when it comes to its behavioral ability to adjust its body temp is
sea star, marine invertebrate
-
overheated and sick dog has an impaired thermoregulatory response if it
increases its body temp to match the environment temp
-
endothermy
involves production of heat through metabolism
-
panting observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by
evaporation
-
organism that has only behavioral controls over its ody temp is the
green frog
-
most amphibians and land-dwelling invertebrates
are ectothermic organisms
-
temp-regulating center of vertebrate animals in
hypothalamus
-
female burmese python incubating her eggs warms them using
shivering themogenesis
-
fever, but raises body temp in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes and cockroaches
change in thermostat - set point
-
ingested foods in snakes are typically digested by
enzymatic hydrolysis
-
seasonal changes in snake activity are explained by
the snake is more active in summer bc it can gain body heat by conduction
-
best time to measure an animals's basal metabolic rate is when
it is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day
-
standard metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate
are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state
-
for an adult human female, the metaolic of pregnancy and lactation are
5-8 percent more than when she was non pregnant
-
body size increase in birds
rate of energy use per cell decreases
-
least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of
water consumed in one day
-
deer mice in warm climates and penguins in cold climates differ in their energy budgets in that
deer mice use a greter proportion of their metabolic energy to maintain body temp
-
body temp in ground squirrel
varies between 5 and 37
-
non hibernating squirrel the daily expenditure of metabolic energy is
always greater then the basal metabolic rate
-
winter acclimatization in mammals can include
hibernation through the season of extreme cold
-
hibernation and estivation are both examples of
evaporative cooling
-
panting by overheated dog is
evaporative cooling
-
metabolism of specialiezed brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during
non-shivering thermogenesis
-
moth preparing for lfight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via
shivering thermogenesis
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