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Toxic Effects of Amphetamines
- cardiovascular damage
- heart attacks
- stroke
- seizure
- chronic psychosis
- neurotoxicity
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Amphetamine Addiction Potential
- High addiction potential
- seduction of user
- escalating use and adverse consequences
- tolerance
- withdrawl (more mental than physical)
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Amphetamine Withdrawl
- depressed mood
- fatigue
- crash
- disrupted sleep
- agitation
- cravings for drug
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Routes of Entry for Amphetamine-like Drugs
- oral/digestive
- nasal insufflation
- injection
- smoking
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Methamphetamine (Illicit, "speed")
- Also called speed, crank, crystal, ice, meth
- csa schedule 2
- Only one methyl group different from amphetamine
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Ephedra and Pseudoephedrine
- only one oxygen different from amphetamines
- found naturally in the many species of ephedra...ma huang (E. Sinica), mormon tea (E. nevadenis, E.californica, E.vivdis)
- Ancient ephedra trade routhes in middle east, found in 60,000 year old neanderthal site in Iraq
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Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Regulation
- Ephedrine banned by FDA in 2008 for use in diet and energy pills
- Pseudoephdrine is a restricted OTC
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Khat Plant
- Active molecule is cathinone
- CSA schedule 1
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Coca Plant
- erythroxylum cocanative to S. America
- "Mama Coca" was an Indian shaman
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Effects of Coca Leaf
- increased wakefulness and stamina
- decreased fatigue
- reduced appetite
- leaves are nutritous (Calories, medicinal, vitamins)
- Coca leaf makes cocaine as an insecticide
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Native Preperation
- Leaves are roasted
- Roasted coca is mixed with calcium carbonate
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Albert Niemann
- German chemist
- 1862 cocaine purified from coca leaves
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Cocaine on the Brain
- Blocks pre-snyptatic reuptake transporters for norepinephrine and dopamine
- increases activity at these synapses
- results much like amphetamines
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Ernst von Flesichl-Markow
- 1846
- nerve pain from finger amputation
- morphine addiction
- Freud recommened cocaine instead
- cocaine addiction
- cocaine psychosis
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