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Sexual Dysfunctions
Inability or lessenes ability to achieve sexual gratification + distress
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sexual dysfunctions
- common
- both heterosexual and homosexual
- not correlated with sexual dis/satisfation
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sexual dsyfunction causal factors
- low levels of testostrone
- medication
- disease
- performance anxiety
- irrational beliefs
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sexual dysfunctions treatment
- viagra
- education
- sensate focusing
- communication training
- cognitive restructuring
- many do not seek Tx
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Sexual Deviations
- Non-normative ways of achieving sexual gratification
- Distress or impariment and/or acting on urges
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sexual deviations
- involving non-human objects
- involving children or non-consenting partners
- involving pain and/or humiliation
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sexual deviations causal factors
- social skill deficiencies
- early conditioning experiences
- recent biological findings
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sexual deviations treatments
- meds not effective
- psychosocial tx's include orgasmic reconditioning and aversion tx
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gender identity disorder
- gender identity = psychological sense of bring male/female
- GID = dissatisfaction with own anatomical sex and wish to be opposite gender
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gender identity disorder causal factors
unclear, but socialization and possible biological predisposition
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gender identity disorder treatment
- hormones
- sex reassignment surgery
- perhaps psychosocial tx
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Schizophrenia
- splitting of the mind
- loss of contact with reality
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Diagnostic Criteria
- Decline in functioning 6+ mos plus 1 mo in active phase
- Delusions (positive)
- Hallucinations (positive)
- Disorganized speech
- Disorganized behavior
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Subtypes
- Paranoid- delusions
- Disorganized- confusion
- Catatonic- psychomotor disturbance
- Undifferentiated- vague category
- Residual- w/out prominent symptoms after episode
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schizophrenia biological causal factors
- genetic
- viral infections- exposed as a fetus
- dopamine too high- hallucinations
- enlarged ventricals
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schizophrenia causal factors
- Freud: regression to a pre-ego stage
- schizophrenogenic family
- communication deviance
- expressed emotion- relapse
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schizophrenia treatment
- medication- neuroleptics
- token economies
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Personality Disorders
distortion in the personality
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personality disorders cluster A: Odd or Eccentric
- paranoid PD-suspicious/distrustful, think ppl intentionally do harm to them
- schizoid PD-social isolation
- schizatypal PD- boarder line schizophrenia, have odd beliefs and mannerisms
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personality disorders cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior
- histronic PD- self dramatization, shallow, demanding, Zavion
- narcisstic PD- need for admiration, lack of sensitivity for others, difficuty taking criticism
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personality disorders
- Boarderline PD- instability and lack of coherent self-identity; impulsive
- self abuse
- keyword-> instability; functioning emotions
- lots of co-morbidity
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personality disorders
- Antisocial PD- indifference to others; violation of others' rights
- lack of anxiety or remorse
- "con" men
- often criminals
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personality disorders cluster C: Anxious or Fearful
- Avoidant PD- social isolation; fear of rejection
- Dependent PD- difficulty making decisions for themselves
- OCPD- inflexibility and excessive concern for perfection, orderliness and control
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personality disorders causal factors-antisocial PD
- brain wave abnormality
- parental loss/separation- at an early age
- punishment and noncontingent reinforcement- heavy weight on punishment, light weight on reinforcement
- modeling
- misinterpret others as hostile-i'll get you b4 you get me
- modeling on social level; stressors
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personality disorders treatment-antisocial PD
- usually do not seek tx
- poor prognosis
- medication not helpful except some target serotonin for impulsive and aggressive behaviors
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DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
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Developmental Disorders
- dif. types of developmental problems
- need to consider age
- also cultural beliefs
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Mental Retardation (MR)
- significantly subaverage IQ
- deficits in adaptive functioning
- before age 18
- Dx on axis II
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MR categories
- mild 50-70 (85%)
- moderate 35-49 (10%)
- severe 20-34 (3-4%)
- profound <20 (1-2%)
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MR causal factors
- down syndrome- trisomy 21
- fragile x syndome
- prenatal- infection; toxic agents, FAS; radiation
- perinatal- birth trauma
- postnatal- malnutrition
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MR treatments
teaching functional skills via behavioral techniques
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Learning Disorders (LD)
- dyslexia
- wirtten expression
- mathematics
- also motor & communication
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Pervasive Development Disorders
- significant impairment in multiple areas of development
- Autism
- Asperger's
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Autism
- impairment in social relatinships
- impairment in communication-echoing/mocking
- impairment in activities and interests
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autism causal factors
- stimulus overselectivity
- genetic
- neurological
- structural
- congenital
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Disruptive Behavior Disorders
- ADHD
- inattention
- impulsivity/hyperactivity
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ADHD causal factors
- genetic
- decreased activity in 2 brain areas
- low levels dopamine
- social environment
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ADHD treatments
- usually stimulants
- beh/cog
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Childhood Anxiety and Depression
- separation anxiety = persistent worry; often school refudals; physical complaints; clinging
- childhood depression
- reactive attachment d/o
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Tic Disorders
- Tourette's
- involuntary, multiple motor movement or ticsrare; usually lifelong
- likely genetic vulnerability
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Elimination Disorders
- Enuresis = lack of bladder control
- Encopresis = lack of bowel control
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Cognitive Disorders
- involving impairment in cognitive abilities & daily functioning, expected to have biological cause
- psych factors still important
- often difficulty diagnosing
- 3 categories: Delerium, Dementias, and Amnestic
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Delerium
- disturbance of consciousness and extreme mental confusion
- disorientation
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Dementias
- characterized by multiple cognitive and other deficits, and process of deterioration
- due to many causes
- presenile <65
- senile>65
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Dementias-Alzheimer's
- Due to Alzheimer's Disease
- most common (1/2)
- especially memory impairment but affects multiple aspects
- degenerative course
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Dementias-Alzheimer's causal factors
- associated brain abnormalities
- genetic contribution for 50%
- deficits in Ach & glutamate
- strokes
- parkison's (dopamine)
- head trauma
- brain tumors
- infections
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Dementias treatments
- research into medications to slow or reverse degeneration
- psychosocial strategies to exercise the brain and improve coping
- caregiver support
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Amnestic Disorders
- memory impairment, especially short-term (anterograde)
- due to head trauma, heart attack, etc.
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