is when individual cancer cells detach themselves froma tumor and travel via blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to new locations in the body to establish secondary tumors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJlo0hWnZWc
A tumor that does metastasize is _________
malignant tumor
What tumor is the source of the cells that form another tumor called _______________, a secondary tumor.
metastases.
the primary tumor is the source
this tumor arises from epithelial cells
carcinomas
this tumor arises from connective tissues including bone and cartliage or muscles cells
sarcomas
this tumor is the rarest family of tumors
sarcomas
this tumor arises from homopoietic cells and white blood cells
leukemias and lymphomas
this kind of tumor arises from nuerons and neuroglia of the nervous system
neoplastic neuromas
this in not an example of a carcinoma:
D) skin melanoma
adenoma
benign tumor: has not gone through metastasis
adenocarcinoma
a benign tumor that has left the cell to become a malignant tumor
Whats wrong with this statement?
A benign tumor is large and has an irregular nuclear shape. A Malignant tumor Has a well defined boundry and has a High cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio.
Benign tumor: is small, and regular in shape
Malignant tumor: poorly defined boundry
What is wrong with this statement?
Cancer cells always display abnormalities in chromosome number and structure.
cancer sometimes display abnormalities in chromosome number and structure. THEY DONT FOLLOW ANY RULES
Whats wrong with this statement?
Cancer cells originate from many cells at a time.
most cancers originate from a single cell that becomes cancerous
2 types of carcinogens
chemical carcinogens and radiation
These agents cause genetic changes ; somatic mutations
carcinogens
transforms normal cells into cancer cells
carcinogen
A thymine dimer is formed due to exposure of?
carcinogens; in particular UV radiation. Radiation is a family of carcinogens
chemical carcinogens react with _____
DNA
Generally the increase of incidence of cancer is related to this________. Its is due to?
increase in age.. Due to the accumlation of random mutations in a single lineage of cells
typically.. how many mutations must accumulate in a single lineage of cells to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell?
at least 5 mutations
tumor progression
a muti-step process that desribes the accumulation of mutiations in a cell to tranform it from normal into a cancer cell. This usually takes many years
Whats wrong with this statement? As a cell becomes cancerous, cell division decreases and apoptosis increases.
cell division increases
cell apoptosis decreases
The absence of replicative cell senescence is due to 2 things.
disrupt cell cycle checkpoint controls
mutations that maintain telomerase activity
define: cancer stem cell
capable of unlimited cell division
cancers arise from these cell types
relate angiogenesis and tumors
tumors secrete this growth factor that indice angiogenesis; the formation of new blood vessels
these cells doe not differntiate normaly and are immature and cannot perform their normal function
anaplasia
cancer cells exhibit ____________ anchorage dependance
decrease
anchorage dependance
a cell must be attached to the ECM to grow and divide
Whats false?
D) a and b
There are 2 classes of chemical carcinogens
tumor initiators
tumor promoters
This type of chemical carcinogen is mutagenic
tumor initiators
this type of chemical carcinogen is not mutagenic
tumor promoters
tumor progression
the years it takes for mutations to cause a cancerous cell. The accumulation of random mutations
why would a cancer cell not go through apoptosis?
1) maintain telomerase activity through mutations
2) genetic and epigenetic changes that DISRUP CELL CHECK POINT SYSTEMS
In relation to cancer, what causes angiogenesis?
a tumor can secrete hormones to stimulate angiogenesis which cause the formation of new blood vessels
This condition where cells do not differentiate normally. (Seen in Malignant cancer cells)
Anaplasia
A chemical carcinogens that promote increase cell proliferation
tumor promoters
A chemical carcinogen that causes mutations
tumor initiators
This mutant gene promotes excessive cell proliferation. What is the non-mutated gene?
oncogenes.
the non-mutated gene is proto-oncogenes
These genes code for proteins that prevent excessive cell proliferation
tumor supressor genes
This kind of mutation deletes both copies of the suppressor gene
underactivity mutation
the Overactivity mutation creates this
gain of function;
creates oncogene
this gene is respinsible for repressing 50% of human cancers
p53
this gene acts as a GRP to activate genes that trigger G1 arrest at the cellular restriction point
p53
whats wrong with this statement?
People with the same cancer will have differnt combinations of mutations - not often the same mutations
nothing. the statement is true
this cell has decreased anchorage dependance
cancer cell
this cell type can move from cell to cell; a new location. What is this called?