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what is the focusing of conscious attention on a limited number of environmental cues to the exclusion of others of higher or more immediate priority. It is the number one human performance factor causing a loss of situational awareness?
Channelized attention
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what occurs when there is too much to attend to at one time?
Task saturation
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what is the interruption of conscious attention to a task by a non-task-related cue?
Distraction
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What is the adaptation and subsequent inattention to a cue?
Habituation
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what is due to something learned so well that it’s performed at a subconscious level; however, in a new or
different situation, the old response is inappropriate?
Negative transfer
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Describe the IMSAFE checklist.
- Illness
- Medication
- Sleep
- Alcohol
- Fatigue
- Eating
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What is the approximate percentage of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases at 18,000 feet MSL?
21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen and 1 percent other gases
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What are the common units used to measure atmospheric pressure? what are the measurements at sea level?
- 29.92 inHg
- 760 mmHg
- 14.7 (psi)
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What represents the notation for the partial pressure of gases?
PO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PN2 partial pressure of nitrogen.
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What is the temperature lapse rate up to approximately 35,000 feet?
About 2 °C per 1,000 feet
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Describe the space equivalent zone.
exist from 50k feet and above, requires protection in a sealed container
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What are the altitude ranges for the physiological dificient zone and what occurs in this space?
10k-50K ft, there is a reduced amount of atmospheric pressure which makes it difficult to sustain normal physiological functions.
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The physiological zone extends with in what altitudes? what is significant about this zone?
sea level- 10K, it is the zone the human body has adapted to.
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what law explains that when volume is constant, the pressure of a gas increases or decreases proportionally to an increase or decrease in its
temperature
Charles' Law
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what law explains that when the temperature remains constant, as in the human body, a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure surrounding it?
Boyle's law
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what law explains the effects of pressure changes in the ears, sinuses, teeth and gastrointestinal tract.
Boyle's law
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A gas will diffuse from an area of higher concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration or pressure until equilibrium is reached,this law explains how oxygen moves out of the lungs into the bloodstream?
The law of gaseous diffusion
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if pressure is reduced above a solution, some gas will come out of the solution, this law explains why a soda pop bubbles after it is opened.
Henry's law
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what law explains how exposure to a high altitude can reduce the available oxygen?
Dalton's law
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The purpose of respiration is to get___________into the body and remove excess___________.
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What is the site of gas exchange in the lung between the atmosphere and the blood?
Alveoli
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What is the normal breathing rate of an average adult?
12-16 breaths per minute
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What is the most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions?
PCO2
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what system transports and distributes nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes waste products of metabolism?
The circulatory system
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What is the main function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen
-
During ascent (as ambient pressure decreases), what happens to gases trapped within body cavities?
They expand
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what are the four areas of the body influenced by the mechanical effects of trapped gases are?
-
DCS is caused by_________coming out of solution in the tissues and blood.
Nitrogen
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what is hypoxia?
A state of oxygen deficiency in the blood
-
what identifies the signs and symptoms of hypoxia?
- Signs are what can be seen by others.
- Symptoms are what is recoginzed by the individual
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How do you treat for hypoxia?
- Max O2 under pressure (gangload)
- check connections
- breath at a rate less then normal
- descend below 10k
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when there is a reduction in PO2 in the lungs due to exposure to low barometric pressure you will become what?
Hypoxic hypoxia
-
when the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced by reducing the functional hemogloban available, you are suffering from?
Hypemic hypoxia
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What occurs when reduction in cardiac output, pooling of the blood, or restriction of blood flow reduces O2 delivery?
Stagnent hypoxia
-
what is the results when the O2 delivered to the cells cannot be used for energy production?
Histotoxic hypoxia
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What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?
insidious onset
-
Expansion of gases which cause discomfort that occur on ascent happen where?
GI tract and teeth
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What are the types of DCS?
- The Bends
- Neurological Manifestations
- Chokes
- Sikn manifestations
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How do you treat for DCS?
100% max oxygen
-
what are the indications of rapid decompression?
- explosive noise
- windblast/flying debris
- fogging
- temperature
- pressure
-
What can reduce your TUC by as much as 50%?
Rapid decompression
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What is the condition in which rate and depth of breathing is abnormally increased?
Hyperventillation
-
Hyperventillation causes an excessive loss of what from the lungs and blood?
Carbon dioxide
-
what are the main reasons for aircraft pressurization?
to reduce/prevent decompression sickness and hypoxia.
-
What is the innermost layer of tissue of the eye?
The retina
-
What are the rods and cones?
light sensitive cells distributed over the retina
-
What is the primary function of focal vision?
Recognize and identify objects, also provides visual acuity and depth perception
-
What is the primary function of peripheral vision?
To orient oneself relative to the environment
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In midair collisions, the primary peripheral visual cue of ______is not available. Therefore, you must acquire the target aircraft with your _____vision, using the scanning technique.
-
List the 4 sensory systems enabling you to maintain orientation, equilibrium and balance
- Visual
- Vestibular
- Seat of the pants
- auditory
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What is the system primarily used for orientation?
Vision
-
In the absence of visual cues, what system becomes dominant?
Vestibular
-
what is the primary means the visual system uses to collect orientation cues is?
Peripheral vision
-
What are the vestibular systems two subsystems?
Semicircular canal and the Otolith organs
-
What detects angular accelerations and is responsible for somatogyral illusions?
Semicircular canals
-
What detects linear accelerations and is responsible for somatogravic illusions?
Otolith organ
-
what system is useless as an orientation system in the absence of accurate visual cues?
Somatosensory
-
Name the three somatogyral illusion.
- The leans
- The graveyard spin/spiral
- Coriolis
-
Noise (sound) intensity perceived by the human ear is measured in?
Decibles
-
The two types of hearing loss you can suffer are?
Conductive and Sensoral
-
A positive Gz force is defined as the force being applied from the?
head to the feet
-
A negative Gz force is defined as a force being applied from?
The feet to head
-
transverse g is described as what?
a force from applied front to back
-
List the five factors determining the physical effects of G forces.
- Magnitude
- Rate
- Duration
- Direction
- Previous exposure
-
The elements of the AGSM are?
- muscle tensing
- Cyclic breathing
-
Differentiate between blackout and G-LOC.
- Blackout results in loss of vision.
- G-LOC results in unconciousness.
-
What are the two phases of G-LOC?
- Absolute incapacitation (Unconscious)
- Relative incapacitation (Not fully alert)
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