BIOLOGY

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

non-identical copies of genes

scientific study of heredity and heredity variation

hereditary units

• reproductive cells; copies of genes that can be passed along from one parent to offspring
• transmit genes from one generation to the next

gene's specific location along the length of the chromosome

single individual us the sole parent and passes copies of all its gene offspring; produces exact copies of themselves

a groups of genetically identical individual

2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspring

any cell other than those involved in gamete formation

display of condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs

chromosomes composed of a pair that have the same length, centromere position and staining pattern

X and Y chromosomes

other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

any cell with two chromosome sets; 2n=46

single set of chromosomes (n=23)

union of gametes

• fertilized egg; diploid
• only cells in the body not produced by mitosis

gametes formed by a modified type of cell division; reduces number of sets of chromosomes from 2 to 1 in the gametes; occurs in ovaries and testis

plant and some algae exhibit this 2nd type of life cycle; inc. diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular

multicellular diploid stage

haploid cells produced in the sporophyte of meiosis

multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophyte

in prophase I, replicated homologs pair ip and become physically connected along their lengths by a sipper-like protein structure

genetic rearrangement between non-sister chromatids

physical manifestation of crossing over

each daughter cells represents one outcome of all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from 2 diff. parents