Ch6:Learning NOTES

behavior is viewed in terms of learned responses

• 1. classical conditioning
• 2. operant conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• learning through association

• neutral stimulus (NS)
• unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• unconditioned response (UCR)
• conditioned stimulus (CS)
• conditioned response (CR)

pairing another stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

• stimulus that provokes a reflexive response
• no learning

• the response to stimulus
• no learning

• previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
• acquisition stage: NS becomes UCR/UCS
• learning through association

• response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
• learning through association

• John Watson
• Rosalie Rayner

• reappearance of an extinguished condition reponse ater a time delay
• classical conditioning

• weakening of a conditioned reponse in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
• classical conditioning

a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar

the extension of a learned response to stimuli to the conditioned stimulus

the process by which a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response

• NS presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented
• classical conditioning

• NS and UCS paired at the same time
• classical conditioning

• UCS presented first and NS follows
• classical conditioning

• Mary Cover Jones
• rabbit brought gradually closer to rabbit while engaged in favorite activites to get rid of fear of rabbits

• Joseph Wolpe
• a behavioral fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning
• fear evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CR) are extinguished

behavioral fear reduction technique where hiearchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while persone remains relaxed

• John Garcia & Robert Koelling
• aversion to particular taste is conditioned only by pairing the taste with nausea

• B.F. Skinner
• learning via consequences

• Edward Thorndike
• any behavior that has good consequences will be repeated
• any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided

• "skinner box"
• animal press lever to recieve food
• could set to control timing and the frequency of reinforcement

• useful in teaching an organism a new response
• reward every single time

• technique in which a new behavior is prodeced by reinforcing responses that are similar to desired response
• come close to what you want

• used to help provide extinction
• don't reinforce everytime because begin to slack

• paying factory workers on a piecework basis
• high rate response
• high extinction rate
• always same

• never know when you'll make get reward
• highest rate response
• lowest extinction rate

• no matter how hard you work, get paid the same (slack)
• low rate response

• never know when at time
• lowest rate of response

always same

fluctuate

set number

time

• stimulus presented after a response
• increasing probability of that response happening again
• add stimulus, increase behavior

• removal of an unpleasant stimulus
• remove stimulus, increase behavior

• application of aversive stimulus after a response
• add aversive stimulus,decrease behavior

• removal of an appetitive stimulus after response leading to a decrease in behavior
• take away something do like, decrease in behavior

• must be immediate
• consistent
• no mixed messages
• limited in duration & intensity
• target behavior, not person
• omission training

• necessary for survival
• food, water, recognition

money,praise,awards

encourage desirable and healthy patient behaviors

more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

• classical involuntary, operant voluntary
• classical controlled by stimuli, operant is controlled by reinforcement
• extinction: classical- witholding UCS, operant- withholding reinforcement

• Wolfgang Kohler
• combining simpler behaviors they learned separately
• "aha!" moment

• Edward Tolman
• learning occurs under the surface

• Edward Tolman
• mental representations in space

learning via imitation

• Albert Bandura
• children copy adult's behavior towards doll

learning by seeing the consequences of another person's behavior

• Robert Rescorla
• conditioned stimulus, provides unique information about the inconditioned stimulus

learning not to respond to repeated presentation of a stimulus

learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed