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behaviorism
behavior is viewed in terms of learned responses
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types of behaviorism
- 1. classical conditioning
- 2. operant conditioning
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classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov
- learning through association
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steps in classical conditioning
- neutral stimulus (NS)
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- unconditioned response (UCR)
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- conditioned response (CR)
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neutral stimulus (NS)
pairing another stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- stimulus that provokes a reflexive response
- no learning
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unconditioned response (UCR)
- the response to stimulus
- no learning
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
- previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
- acquisition stage: NS becomes UCR/UCS
- learning through association
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conditioned response (CR)
- response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
- learning through association
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Little Albert
- John Watson
- Rosalie Rayner
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spontaneous recovery
- reappearance of an extinguished condition reponse ater a time delay
- classical conditioning
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extinction
- weakening of a conditioned reponse in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
- classical conditioning
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stimulus discrimination
a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar
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stimulus generalization
the extension of a learned response to stimuli to the conditioned stimulus
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second or higher-order conditioning
the process by which a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response
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trace conditioning
- NS presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented
- classical conditioning
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simultaneous conditioning
- NS and UCS paired at the same time
- classical conditioning
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backwards conditioning
- UCS presented first and NS follows
- classical conditioning
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counterconditioning
- Mary Cover Jones
- rabbit brought gradually closer to rabbit while engaged in favorite activites to get rid of fear of rabbits
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flooding
- Joseph Wolpe
- a behavioral fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning
- fear evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CR) are extinguished
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systematic desensitization
behavioral fear reduction technique where hiearchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while persone remains relaxed
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taste aversion conditioning
- John Garcia & Robert Koelling
- aversion to particular taste is conditioned only by pairing the taste with nausea
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operant conditioning
- B.F. Skinner
- learning via consequences
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Law of Effect
- Edward Thorndike
- any behavior that has good consequences will be repeated
- any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided
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operant chamber
- "skinner box"
- animal press lever to recieve food
- could set to control timing and the frequency of reinforcement
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continuous reinforcement
- useful in teaching an organism a new response
- reward every single time
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shaping
- technique in which a new behavior is prodeced by reinforcing responses that are similar to desired response
- come close to what you want
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intermittent (partial) reinforcement
schedules of reinforcement
- used to help provide extinction
- don't reinforce everytime because begin to slack
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fixed ratio
- paying factory workers on a piecework basis
- high rate response
- high extinction rate
- always same
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variable ratio
- never know when you'll make get reward
- highest rate response
- lowest extinction rate
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fixed interval
- no matter how hard you work, get paid the same (slack)
- low rate response
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variable interval
- never know when at time
- lowest rate of response
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positive reinforcement
- stimulus presented after a response
- increasing probability of that response happening again
- add stimulus, increase behavior
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negative reinforcement
- removal of an unpleasant stimulus
- remove stimulus, increase behavior
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positive reinforcement
- application of aversive stimulus after a response
- add aversive stimulus,decrease behavior
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negative punishment
- removal of an appetitive stimulus after response leading to a decrease in behavior
- take away something do like, decrease in behavior
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when punishment works
- must be immediate
- consistent
- no mixed messages
- limited in duration & intensity
- target behavior, not person
- omission training
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primary reinforcers
- necessary for survival
- food, water, recognition
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secondary reinforcers
money,praise,awards
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token economies
encourage desirable and healthy patient behaviors
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premack principle
more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity
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difference between classical & operant
- classical involuntary, operant voluntary
- classical controlled by stimuli, operant is controlled by reinforcement
- extinction: classical- witholding UCS, operant- withholding reinforcement
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insight learning
- Wolfgang Kohler
- combining simpler behaviors they learned separately
- "aha!" moment
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latent learning
- Edward Tolman
- learning occurs under the surface
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cognitive maps
- Edward Tolman
- mental representations in space
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observational learning (Social Learning)
learning via imitation
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"Bobo Doll" experiment
- Albert Bandura
- children copy adult's behavior towards doll
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vicarious learning
learning by seeing the consequences of another person's behavior
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contingency model of classical conditioning
- Robert Rescorla
- conditioned stimulus, provides unique information about the inconditioned stimulus
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habituation
learning not to respond to repeated presentation of a stimulus
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mere exposure effect
learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed
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