CH6: Learning VOCAB

a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

a form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus

any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning; brought into a conditioning experiment, researchers call it conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, stimulus that elicits and unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response

in classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay

extension of a learned response to stimulu that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar

a biological tendency in which an organism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness

the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or "stamped" into the organism

a condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a response and strengthens that response

a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again

the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior (punishment)

box like apparatus that can be programmed to deliever reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animal's behavior; "skinner box"

type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced

an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response

type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced

process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement

programs specifying the frequence & timing of reinforcements

programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unvarrying number of responses

reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies from trial to trial

programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, fixed time period

programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies from trial to trial

reinforcers that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism

stimulu that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers

• therapeutic method by which individuals are rewarded with tokens
• act as secondary reinforcers
• can be redeemed for a variety or rewards & privileges
• based on operant conditioning

• David Premack
• a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

an aversive stimulus which, occuring after a response, diminished the strength of that response

application of an aversive stimulus after a response

removal of an appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to decrease in behavior

form of cognitive learning where problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions

mental representation of physical space

form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior

biological process, involving physical changed that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells, believed to be the neural basis of learning

NS presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented

UCS presented first and NS follows

NS and UCS paired together at the same time

classical conditioning in which a well-learned CS is paired with an NS to produce a CR to the NS

that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS

says that the key to classical conditioning is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS

established a specific sequence of behaviors by initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a desired sequence, then later rewarding only the completed sequence

learning in the absence of rewards