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Functions of the (anterior or posterior) vertebrae include: weight bearing, shock absorpion, allow motions of the spinal column and trunk in all cardinal planes, and protection of anterior aspect of spinal cord.
Anterior
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Functions of the (anterior or posterior) portion of the vertebrae include the following: guides and limits rotation, and elongated processes increase leverage of muscles that attach to spinal column.
posterior
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___ cervical vertebrae
___ thoracic vertebrae
___ lumbar vertebrae
___ sacrum (fused)
___ coccyx (fused)
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_____ _____: forms circle around the spinal cord, forms intervertebral foramen for exiting spinal nerves.
_______: attach the arch to vertebral body: between the body and the transverse process.
_______: posterior portion of arch, between the transverse process and spinous process.
- vertebral arch
- pedicles
- laminae
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Intervertebral discs are between each pair of vertebral bodies except ___ and ___/
C1 and C2
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______ _______ ______: broad, dense, strong ligament that attaches to the anterior vertebral bodies and the annulus fibrosis from C2 to the sacrum.
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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_______ ________ _______: continuous band of tissue that extends along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies withing vertebral canal from C1 to the sacrum.
Posterior longitudinal ligaments
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If facets align with sagittal plane, then primary motions are flexion and extension, which occurs mostly in the ____ spine.
lumbar
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If the facets align with the frontal plane, then primary motion is lateral flexion, which occurs mostly in the _____ spine.
thoracic
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The quadratus lumborum elicits lateral flexion of the trunk on the (same or opposite) and hip hike.
same
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______ ______: acts like a girdle to flattent the abdominal wall and stabilize the lower spine.
Transverse Abdominus
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_____ ____: unilateral contraction causes trunk rotation to the opposite side and bending to the same side.
bilateral contraction stabilizes trunk to allow hip motion.
External obliques
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_______ _______: unilateral contraction causes lateral flexion and rotation to the same side. Bilateral contraction causes flexion of the trunk.
Internal obliques
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What bones compose the acetabulum?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
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_________: part of the pelvis where the ilium, ischium, and pubis intersect; socket of the hip joint into which the head of the femur sits.
acetabulum
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Which three ligaments in the hip work together to limit extension and hyperextension?
iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligament
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What three factors make the hip joint stable?
- bony configuration
- strong capsule
- reinforcing ligaments
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Describe the open-pack postion of the hip joint:
moderate flexion, mid-range lateral rotation, slight abduction
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Describe the closed pack position of the hip joint:
- end range extension
- medial rotation
- slight abduction
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Anterior pelvic tilt causes hip ____ and lumbar ____.
-
Posterior pelvic tilt causes hip ____ and lumbar ____.
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What are the joints of the knee?
- tibiofemoral
- patellofemoral
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The tibiofemoral joint has how many degrees of freedom?
- 2
- flexion/extension
- distraction
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Describe the open and close pack postions of the tibiofemoral joint.
- Open= 25 degrees or greater of flexion
- Closed= full extension
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Describe the screw home mechanism of the tibiofemoral joint:
the femur rotates medially
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The medial collateraql ligament stabilizes against (valgus or varus) forces and medial-lateral rotations.
valgus
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The lateral collateral ligament limits (valgus or varus) motions.
varus
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What are the two functions of the patellofemoral joint?
- increase angle of application adn moment arm of quadriceps tendon
- protect quadriceps tendon during flexion
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Increased Q angle of the quadriceps muscle causes increased (medial or lateral) pull on the patella?
lateral
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The patella glides (proximally or distally) on femur during flexion, and recoils (proximally or distally) during extension.
- distally (close pack postion)
- proximally (open pack postion)
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Name the four muscles of the quadriceps group:
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
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For the rectus femoris, what postion would cause passive insufficiency?
active insufficiency?
- hip extension, knee flexion
- hip flexion, knee extension
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What position would result in passive insufficiency of hamstrings?
active insufficiency?
- hip flextion, knee extension
- hip extension, knee flexion
-
______: provides final IR of femur (or ER of tibia) as knee reaches full extension.
popliteus
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_____ _____: insertion fo the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.
pes anserinus
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how many degrees of freedom does the talocrural joint have?
1 (dorsiflexion, plantarflexion)
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The lateral ligaments of the ankle prevent what?
inversion
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What do the medial ligaments of the ankle prevent? Are they (stronger or weaker) than the lateral ligaments?
-
Descibe the open and closed pack postion of the talocrural joint?
- closed pack- dorsiflexion
- open pack- plantarflexion
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The subtalar joint has how many degrees of freedom? In what planes and axises?
- 1
- pronation/suppination: frontal/ap
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Describe the open and closed pack postion of the subtalar joint?
- open-pack postion: pronation
- closed-pack postion: suppination
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pronation is dominated by (concentric or eccentric) contraction?
suppination is dominated by (concentric or eccentric contraction?
- eccentric= pronation
- concentric= suppination
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