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hostile aggression
hot implosive angry behavior
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violence
aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm
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aggression
any behavior intended to harm another person who doesnt want to be harmed
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instrumental aggression
cold premeditated behavior
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passive aggression
witholding behavior
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active aggression
performing behavior
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according to freud what are two instincts that humans have?
- Eros- life
- Thantos - death (aggression)
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social learning theory
learn things through other social ppl
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression implies previous frustration
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frustration
blockage of personal goal
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What are major issue with the frustration aggression hypothesis theory?
- (1) not all aggression is preceded by frustration
- (2) not all frustration leads to aggression
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age and aggression?
- aggression comes with puberty
- younger children cant be very violent
- 25% of toddler interactions in day care involve physical aggression - limiting alternatives for solving conflict
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fight or flight syndrome
physical aggresion (men)
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tend and befriend syndrome
nurture and make friends (women)
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relational aggression
intentionally harm others in relationship
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associated network explanation
guns are associated with other aggressive thoughts
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testosterone and aggression?
- aggression from testosterone
- testosteron from aggression
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cross-lagged correlation study:
measures variables at different time points
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Eron's cross-lagged study on media violence results:
tv leads to aggression; aggression does not lead to tv viewing
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what factors increast he relationship b/w media violence and aggression?
- unatractive victim
- justification for violence
- reward for aggression
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self control and aggression?
poor self control = more aggression
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deindividuation
ppl in groups lose self awareness
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matching principle
pair up w/others who are equally attractive
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implicit egotism
we like things that remind us of ourselfs
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propinquitiy
encountering someone on a regular basis
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assimilation effect
ppl associated with attractive close others are seen as more attracted
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contrast effect
when w/attractive stranger, an average person can be seen as less attractive
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ostracism
being excluded, rejected, and ignored
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what occurs when ppl are rejected?
- numbness
- impaired psychological and cog function
- weakened self control
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passionate love
- strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward the special perosn
- important for starting a relationship
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companionate love
- mutual understanding and caring
- important for relationship to suceed
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Sternberg's triangle theory
- pasion - emotion state, high arousal
- intimacy - feeling of closeness, mutual
- commitment - decision to stay together
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three types of attachment?
- secure - parent responsive - healthy sex
- avoident - parent unresponsive - desire sex, resist intimacy, avoid sex, engage in one night stands
- anxious/ambivalent - inconsistent parenting - use sex to pull partner closer, have sex when dont want to, risky sex, more number of partners
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interdependence theory
- analyze social interactions in terms of benefits and costs to the individuals
- most used theory
- applies to friends, coworkers, and relationships
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comparison level (CL)
- the quality of outcomes you believe you deserve
- determines satisfaction
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comparison level alternative (CL-Alt)
- the average outcomes of the next best availabe alternative
- determines your dependence
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three determinants of commitment
- satisfaction
- alternatives
- investments
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5 relationship maintenance mechanisms?
- (1) positive illusions - idealize our partners (only look at the good)
- (2) forgo tempting alternatives
- (3) relationship-enhancing attributions
- (4) willingness to sacrifice
- (5) accommodation and forgiveness
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prejudice
a neg feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particual group
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discrimination
unequal treatment of different ppl based on the groups or categories to which they belong
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sterotypes
beliefs that associate groups of ppl with certain traits
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realistic group conflict theory
competition for scarce resources can lead to prejudice and discrimination
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social identity theory
categorize the world to in and out groups
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minimal group effect
randomly assign ppl to two groups and ppl will start to hate the other group
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contact hypothesis
to reduce prejudice, increase contact b/w group members
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3 factors to reduce prejudice:
- equal status groups
- sufficient frequency duration closeness
- institutional support
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rationalization oppression
powerful group retains power through use of stereotypes
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when are we most likely to rely on stereotypes?
- group category is important
- ambiguous or inadequate information
- low on cog resources
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socializaiton
each generation appears slightly less prejudice than the last
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jigsaw technique
put multi racial children into group - make them teach a part of the lesson
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stereotype threat
fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that other hold
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3 self protective strategies:
- (1) attribute negative feedback to prejudice against their group
- (2) in group social comparisons
- (3) disidentificaiton- devalue attributes on which their group excells
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optimal distinctiveness theory
when ppl feel similar they want to seek out a way to act different and when ppl are different they want to act similar
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social facilitation
ppl do better in front of others
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social inhibition
perform worse in the presence of others
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why do others increase arousal?
- evaluation apprehension - concerned about being evaluated
- distraction - conflict b/w attending to others and to task
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symptoms of groupthink:
- illusion of invulnerability - overly optimistic
- shared stereotypes - enemy is too evil or stupid
- illusion of morality - assume are morally superior
- self censorship = members withohold disagreements
- direct pressure = criticize those who raise doubts
- mind guarding = protect group from contradictory info
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risky shift
group is willing to take greater risk than individuals
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group polarization effect
in group result will polarize moving toward the extreme
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