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GENDER AND LABOR AT "HOME" (Week 8)
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Feminization of Migration
- More women migrate for work
- Stopping effects the GNP
- SAP's
- Managing labor migration
- Gender-sensitive-criteria
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Global Domestic Labor Flow
- South/South-east Asia to Middle/Far East
- Central America to North America
- Former Soviet bloc to Western Europe
- Africa to Western Europe
- Local migratory flows
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Push factors of domestic labor migration
- Economic liberalization policies
- Increasing unemployment
- Poverty
- Government-sponsored programs
- Civil Wars
- Escape from Abusive family situations
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Pull factors of domestic labor migration
- Increasing income inequality in (U.S.) cities
- Increasing participation of women in the labor force
- Men not taking on the "second-shift" in proportionate numbers
- "Care deficit" in wealthy countries
- Immigration policies/laws
- Relatively underdevelopment nature of day care facilities in U.S.
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Gendered Dimensions of labor migration
- Most women are in gender-specific jobs
- Discrimination against foreign workers; threat of deportation
- Prevented from getting residency status
- Pseudo-regular employment categories such as "guest-workers"
- Physical/sexual/verbal abuse against "undocumented" and domestic workers
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Remittances
Moneys immigrant workers send to their country of origin
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Issues and discrimination that migrant domestic workers face
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GENDER, LABOR AND VIOLENCE AT THE BORDER (Week 9)
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Feminicide
systematic killing of women
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Discourse of Globalization
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Voices without Echoes
Great number of women in Juarez were killed
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Maquiladora Industry
Predominantly foreign-owned corporations that assemble products in Mexico using Mexican labor and foreign inputs for subsequent export
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NAFTA
- US, Mexico and Canada
- Trade Liberalization: trading back and forth w/out the gov't
- Multilateral Treaty
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Separation between private and public violence
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The use of photographic images and the effort to restore humanity and respectability of women
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CIRCUITS OF GLOBALIZATION AND LABOR MIGRATION (Week 10)
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Geographies and counter-geographies of globalization
- Hyper-mobility of capital
- Formation of global markets
- Development of global communication
- Series of processes that over-valorize certain types of output, workers, and sectors (and de-valorize others)
- Alternative global circuits
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Alternative circuits of migration
- Instantiation of gendering in the global economy - from the perspective of disadvantaged locations
- Embedded in global economic system
- Constitutive of globalization
- Lens through and by which to see the dynamics of gendering implicit in globalization
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Impacts of globalization
- Burden of Debt
- Free Trade
- Currency Devaluation
- Fiscal Austerity Measures and drastic cuts in expenditure on social services
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HIPC Initiative
Highly Indebted Poor Countries: Help poor countries get back on their feet
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Dollarization
Countries use foreign currency to do better
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Feminization of survival
Dependency of women to take care of their families
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Transnational motherhood
When women migrate, become nannies, and are like a mother to the child.
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Shifting meanings of motherhood
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Care Chains
Series of personal inks between people across the globe based on the paid and unpaid work of caring; critical modernist (recognizes global inequalities or resources); avoids primordialist stance (mothers should care for their own and not migrate); advocates better pay and working conditions forimmigrants
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GENDER, WAR, AND VIOLENCE AND GLOBAL CIRCUITS OF MIGRATION (Week 11 & 12)
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Social and Psychological consequences of civil war of women
- Destruction/deconstructioin of culture
- Physical insecurity
- Displacement
- Psychosocial trauma
- Sexual Violence
- Domestic Violence
- Change in gender/family dynamics
- Poverty
- Labor force participation and household dynamics
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Rape as a manifestation of violence
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Potential logic of sexual violence against women
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"Strategic Purposes" of rape
- Rape as a tool of war
- As a form of masculine performance - a form of male-male communication
- Directed at the social group as a form of humiliation
- As a way of enacting and reinforcing constructing of gender as a form of asserting hetero-nationality in some cases
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Sri Lankan civil war and women's experiences
Film " at the end of a gun"
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Women as symbols of family/nation/"difference"
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Genocidal rape
Women forced into sex-work to service armed forces
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Harms of war and effects on women
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women as inner sanctum of a nation
- Sanctions the violent resolution of the problem of women's sexuality in the service of safeguarding honor
- In conjunction with an insistence on silence that operates through shame/stigma
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The role of rape (erasing the ambiguity between racial groups, forming and reinforcing national, ethnic, religious and gendered identity)
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The importance of everyday life after the genocide
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Women's efforts to rebuild their communities/the nation
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GENDER, MILITARISM AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (Week 13)
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Militarization
personnel attached to bases all over the world
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Why exploring militarized prostitution is important
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Contagious Disease Acts
Genital examination of women who were suspected of prostitution
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Josephine Butler
1st to protest against CDA
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Link between tourism and prostitution
- An alliance between local governments in search of foreign money, foreign businessmen willing to invest money, and foreigners willing to employ sex workers
- Linked ti militarism
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Links between gendered ideologies and militarization
- Orientalism
- Prostitution will prevent homosexuality
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Conditions that promote organized prostitution
Armed bases
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Clark and Subic Bay bases
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Olongapo
- City in the Philippines
- Night clubs
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The militarization of things
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SEX TRAFFICKING AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF WOMEN'S BODIES (Week 14)
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Historical and cultural context of sex work
- comfort women
- military sex work at camptowns
- sex work in tourist destinations
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Regulationists
Prostitution by fallen woman due to personal pathology or inclination to vice calls for the regulation of this body/prostitution
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Abolitionists
Prostitutes as victims, calls for the abolition of prostitution
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CATW's position
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (neo-abolitionist)
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Neo-abolitionist approach
all prostitution constitutes human rights violation
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GAATW's position
- Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women
- All prostitution is bad
- Sex work can be a profession by choice
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"Free' and "Forced" prostitution
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UN anti-trafficking campaigns
- CATW
- GAATW (World Charter for Prostitutes Rights)
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sex worker's rights
Dismiss the free/forced binary; "harm" of prostitution
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decriminalization of prostitution
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Why do we need to go beyond the "free"/"forced" dichotomy
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"Madonna"/"whore" dichotomy
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Role of racism in anti-trafficking campaigns and sex work
- Fantasies of primitive
- Fantasies of exotix
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politics of language-why avoid "victim" or "slaves" and use "affected person", "trafficked person", "sex workers", "transnational migrant workers", "slave-like practices"
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UN definition of trafficking
- Recruitment of persons
- Threat or force
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Mail Order brides
- Sexual Economy
- No governing
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Stereotypes of mail order brides persistent in MOB business
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Abolition of the fiancee's visa in Canada
Sponsorship was longer
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Joint application for permanent resident status
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Victims of trafficking and violence protection act 2000
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Dependence and vulnerability of the brides
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Inequality between the groom and the bride (economic, gender, class, ethnicity)
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Anti-feminist sentiment in MOB
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Belleau's two policy recommendation for countering problems of MOB
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GENDER AND HEALTH: HIV AND THE BODY (Week 15)
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Myths and misunderstanding about AIDS
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"rugged vagina" and "vulnerable anus"
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Lata's narratives as evidence of structural violence
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Political economy of risks
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The role of inequality in promoting HIV transmission
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How poverty, racism, sexism and political violence influence HIV infection
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Three problematic Western texts on AIDS in Africa: 1)"Africans won't use condoms", 2)"Africans have such poor medical care that they can't properly diagnose AIDS", :bad blood", "slim disease", 3)"AIDS is a disease of poverty"
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Problems with linking race and poverty to HIV/AIDS
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Fixed "cultural differences" between Africa and the West
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Romanticism of "cultural sensitivity"
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Pharmaceutical trials in Africa
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Sex work and HIV transmission
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