radiology

what is ionization a production of?

ionization results in two things what are the?

how does radiation injury occur

radiation injury results when x-rays strike _____

x-ray photons interact with _____ ----> ______, excitation and ______ ----->______ changes ----> ______ changes

ionization causes _____ changes

through the formation of what does xradiation cause cell damage?

what is defined as an uncharged atom or molecule that exists with a single unpaired electron in its outermost shell

when do free radicals form

what happens when an xray photon ionizes water?

what is the primary component of a living cell

what three things may a free radical do to achieve stability

what is an example of a free radical combining with an ordinary molecule to form a toxin?

what are two theories used to describe how radiation damages biologic tissues?

which theory suggests that cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas or targets within the cell.

_____ theory occurs infrequently compared to ______ theory which occurs more frrequently

direct theory occurs ______ compared to indirect which occurs _______

what is an example of direct theory

what theory suggestst that xray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell

what is an example of indirect theory

what does the combination of free radicals cause?

why does indirect theory occur more frequently?

what can be used to correlate the response or damage of tissues with the dose or amount of radiation received

t/f there is a safe amount of radiation exposure
True False

what are the two classifications for biologic effects from radiation

which biologic effects occur as a direct function of dose

_____ effects do not have a dose threshold

stochastic effects _____ have a dose threshold

what are some examples of stochastic effects

the probability of stochastic effects occurrence _____ with increasing absorbed dose

does the severity of the stochastic effects depend on the magnitude of the absorbed dose

nonstochastic effects is also known as?

what are somatic effects that have a threshold and that increase in severity with increasing absorbed dose

what are some examples of nonstochastic effects?

what biologic effect has these examples: erythema, loss of hair, cataract fomation and decreased fertility

nonstochastic effects require more or less radiation than stochastic to cause serious impairment of health.

t/f nonstochastic effects require larger radiation doses to cause serious impairment of health
True False

_____ effects are genetic but _____ effects are ones you can see

_____ _____ that follow absorption of radiation occur rapidly at a molecular level

t/f observable effects of radiation are visible immediately after exposure
True False

what is the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs

what determines the length of the latent period?

what is the sequence of radiation injury

what is involved in the period of injury?

what are some examples of cellular injuries during the period of injury (6)

what is the last event in the sequence of radiation injury

are all cellular radiation injuries permanent?

cellular damage is followed by what?

____ _____ radiation damage is repaired within the cells of the body

where is low level radiation damage repaired?

what is it called when repeated radiation exposure leads to health problems

effects of radiation exposure are _____ and ____ damage accumulates in the tissues

what is defined as the quantity of radiation receive or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed.

t/f more damage occurs when tissues absorb large quantities of radiation
True False

what is defined as the rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place

t/f more radiation damage takes place with high dose rates because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for the cellular damage to be repaired
True False

what is defined as the areas of the body exposed to radiation

____ _____: more damage occurs in cells that are most sensitive to radiation such as rapidly dividing cells and young cells

what age group is more susceptible to radiation

radiation effects in hematopoietic tissues causes?

what tissues would you need to radiated to cause leukemia

what are the radiation effects with the reproductive cells?

which tissues or organs have the radiation effect of carcinoma? (2)

what radiation effect do you get with the thyroid?

what radiation effects do you get with the skin?

what radiation effects do you get with the eyes

following the latent period effects seen within minutes days or weeks are termed what?

what are shor term effects associated with?

what is ARS?

what are the symptoms of ARS?

are short term effects of radiation applicable to dentistry?

what are effects that appear after years, decades or generations?

what are long term effects associated with?

what are low levels of radiation exposure linked with?

what is ARS associated with?

all the cells in the body can be classified either ____ or ____

what are the somatic cells in the body?

what are the genetic cells in the body

_____ effects are seen in the person being irradiated

_____ effects are not seen in the person irradiated but are passed on to future generations

what do changes in somatic cells produce?

what are major somatic effects of radiation exposure?

t/f somatic effects are not transmitted to future generations
True False

t/f genetic damage can be repaired
True False

the cell ____ is more sensitive to radiation than the ____

damage to the cell nucleus affects what?

damage to the cells DNA results in what?

what is a cell that is sensitive to radiation called?

what is is a cell that is resistant to radiation called?

what are three things that determine the response of a cell to radiation exposure?

how does mitotic activity determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure?

how does cell differentiation determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure?

how does cell metabolism determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure

what are 3 examples of radiosensitive cells?

what is the cell that is most sensitive to radiation?

what are 3 radioresistant cells?

what are 4 examples of radiosensitive organs?

radiosensitive organs are composed of ______ cells

what are 3 examples of radioresistant tissues?

how is an organ classified as a critical organ?

if an organ is damaged and diminishes a person's life what is that organ classified as?

what are critical organs involved in dentistry (4)

what is the ICRU

what quantities of radiation are the ICRU measurements used to define? (3)

what are the two systems used to define radiation measurements

what are the traditional units of radiation measurements

what are the SI units of radiation measurement?

what is defined as the measurment of ionization in the air produced by exrays

the traditional nit of exposure for xrays is?

what is defined as the quantity of xradiation or gamma radiation that produces an electrical charge or 2.58 X 10^-4 coulombs in a kilogram of air at standard temperature and pressure conditions

the roentgen is limited to measurements in the ____ it cannot measure amount of radiation _____

what is a coulomb?

what is the conversion of 1 R to a C/kg?

what is the conversion of 1 C/kg to R?

what can be defined as the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue

what is the traditional unit of dose?

t/r the rad is not restricted to air?
True False

what is a special unit of absorbed dose that is equal to the deposition of 100 ergs of energy per gram of tissue

what is the SI unit equivalent to the rad

what is the conversion for 1 rad to the gray

what is the conversion for 1 gray to rads

what is the measurement used to compare biologic effects of different types of radiation

what is the tradition unit of dose equivalent

what is the product of absorbed dose (rads) and a quality factor specific for the type of radiation

what is used to place the exposure effects of different types of radiation on a common scale

what is the SI unit for equivalent of the rem?

what is the conversion for 1 rem to Sv

what is the conversion for 1 Sv to rems

in dental radiograph the gray and the ____ are equal and the roentgen ____ and ____ are considered approximately equal

what prefix is used to accommodated the small doses of radiation used?

what is the daily exposure of radiation that humans undergo called?

what is cosmic radiation?

what does a persons exposure to cosmic radiation depend on?

what is terrestrial radiation?

what is an example of terrestrial radiation?

what is artificial radiation?

what is the greatest contributor to artificial radiation?

the medical radiation exposure _____ the average yearly dose from all other exposures combinded

what can be defined as the likelihood of adverse effects or death resulting from exposure to a hazard

what is the risk in dental radiography

what is the potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individula?

what is the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously

what is an estimated dose necessary to produce cancer in the thyroid gland?

what is the average dose to the thyroid gland with dental radiography?

what is the dose needed to cause leukemia?

what is the average bone marrow dose in dental radiography?

a total of ____ rads in a ____ day period causes erythema or reddening of the skin

to produce erythema or reddening of the skin more than ____ dental films in ____ day period would have to be exposed

how many mrads are necessary to induce cataract foramtion?

what is the average dose to the cornea during dental radiography?

dental radiographs should be prescribed for a patient only when?

when dental radiographs are properly prescribed and exposed the ____ of disease detection ___ _____ the risk of damage from xradiation