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Presbycusis (def)
age related hearing loss
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Otitis media (def)
inflammation of the the middle ear due to fluid collection and resulting in conductive hearing loss
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Sensorineural hearing loss (def)
hearing loss due to lesion of disease of the inner ear or auditory nerve (CN 8)
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Nociception (def)
the perception of pain
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Transduction (def)
process of converting a painful stimulus into an action potential that can be transmitted to the CNS
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Transmission (explain)
- action potential travels from injury to spinal cord
- -- from spinal cord to brain stem and thalamus
- -- from thalamus to cortex
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Perception (def)
interpretation of the sensory impulse of pain
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Modulation (def)
physiologic or behavioral actions that modify intensity of the pain sensation
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Excitatory modulators (6)
- substance P
- glutamate
- somatostatin
- vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- calcitonin-gene-related peptide
- adenosine triphosphate
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What do excitatory modulators do? What is another name for them?
- Also called neurotransmiters
- facilitate the transmission of the pain impulse across the synaptic cleft between the nociceptors and the dorsal horn neurons
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Neural processing of pain: the ___ perceives pain, the ___ provides emotion/expression related to pain
- parietal lobe - perceives pain
- limbic system - emotion/expression related to pain
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Threshold (def)
- level of painful stimulation required in order to perceive pain
- does NOT vary from person to person
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Tolerance (def)
- duration and/or intensity of pain that an individual can tolerate before seeking assistance
- varies person to person based on situation, gender, age, culture, etc.
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Gate closers and examples
- A-alpha & A-beta (non-nociceptive large diameter fibers
- e.g.: touch, vibration, thermal stimulation
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Acute pain (def)
- rapid onset from injury
- lasts less than 3 months
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What M's of chronic pain differentiate it from acute pain?
- NO sympathetic symptoms with chronic pain
- chronic pain often has psychological manifestations (insomnia, depression, preoccupation with pain, looking for meaning in the pain)
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Conductive Hearing loss (def)
alterations in the outer and middle ear that interfere with conduction of sound waves to the inner ear
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Conductive Hearing loss (M's)
- impaired hearing signaled by:
- -- reduced attentiveness to environment
- -- sitting very close to tv or radio
- soft speeking voice
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Otitis Media (M's)
- diminished hearing
- cloudy tympanic membrane w/ altered light reflection
- reddened tympanic membrane
- bulging tympanic membrane
- otalgia (ear pain) that subsides if eardrum ruptures
- fever
- headache
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Presbyopia (def)
decreased accommodation for near vision due to thickening of lens
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Macular degeneration (def)
degeneration of the macula resulting in loss of central vision
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Conjunctivitis (def)
- also known as "pink eye"
- inflammation of the conjunctiva
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Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivitis (M's)
- * sight threatening *
- conjunctival redness and edema
- lid edema and tenderness
- enlarged preaurecular lymph nodes
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Which type of bacterial conjunctivitis is "sight threatening"?
Hyperacute
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A Gonococcal eye infection = ___
Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis
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Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis (M's)
- yellow-green drainage (large amounts)
- eyelids sticky
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Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis (M's)
- itching
- burning
- foreign body sensation
- morning eyelash crusting
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What manifestation separates Allergic conjunctivitis from all other types?
allergic starts out bilateral, all other are unilateral until spread
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Viral conjunctivitis a/w Adenovirus (M's)
- hyperemia (dilated blood vessels)
- excessive tearing
- minimal exudate (gloppy stuff)
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Viral conjunctivitis a/w herpes (M's)
- irritation
- mucous discharge
- pain
- mild photophobia
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Allergic conjunctivitis (M's)
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Keratitis (def)
inflammation of the cornea
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Keratitis (M's)
- irritation
- photophobia
- tearing
- corneal scarring and ulceration resulting in permanently diminished vision
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What are some viruses and bacteria that cause keratitis?
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
- chlamydia
- herpes
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Gonococcal infection or Herpes simples virus can cause what eye disorder?
conjunctivitis
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Strabismus (def)
- one eye cannot focus with the other
- eyes are misaligned
- most commonly a control system problem
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Nystagmus (def)
involuntary movement of the eyes (horizontal, vertical, rotary)
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Scotoma (def)
- an abnormal blind spot
- an area in the visual field in which vision is absent or very diminished
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Cataracts (def)
- loss of transparency of the lens
- can cause partial or total blindness
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Cataracts (M's)
- burred vision
- vision for near and far decreased
- pupil dilation improves vision
- may be unilateral or bilateral
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What eye disorder is a/w smoking, diabetes mellitus, and taking systemic corticosteroids?
Cataracts
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Glaucoma (def)
a group of eye diseases that result in increased intraocular pressure because of decreased outflow of aqueous humor
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What eye disorder can result in retinal ischemia and blindness?
glaucoma
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What type of eye disorder is considered an emergency situation?
angle closed glaucoma
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Which type of glaucoma is insidious?
open angle
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Acute (angle closed) glaucoma (M's)
- severe eye pain
- dilation of pupil
- nausea and vomiting
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Chronic (open angle) glaucoma (M's)
- gradual loss of peripheral vision -> tunnel vision
- dull eye pain (persistent)
- loss of color vision
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Ageusia or Hypoguesia (def)
loss or impaired sense of taste
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Damage to cn 9 results in what taste disturbance?
loss of sensitivity to bitter
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Damage to cn 7 results in what taste disturbance?
loss of sensitivity to sweet, sour, and salt
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Dysguesia (def)
- perversion of taste
- everything tastes unpleasant
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What taste disturbance is common with people receiving chemotherapy?
dysguesia
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