What are 2 primary classes of neoplasms and how do they differ?
1. benign - no infiltration into other tissues; 2. malignant - infiltrates tissues (metastasized)
What are 3 possible outcomes of environmental stress?
1. adapation (reversible)
2. reversible cell injury
3. cell death (apoptosis or necrosis)
Atrophy
decrease in cell size in response to stress
Hypertrophy
increase in cell volume in response to stress; no change in cell numbers; growth inhibitors prevent mitosis
Hyperplasia; types and examples?
increase in cell numbers my mitosis;
1. regenerative (liver)
2. endocrinal
3. compensatory (kidney disease can cause parathyroid hyperplasia)
Metaplasia; examples of?
reversible transformation of one cell type to another
GERD- transformation of SSE to glandular epithelium with goblet cells in response to acid reflux
Dysplasia
degranged cell growth with abnormal size and shape; can be cancerous
Cachexia
physically wasting atrophy; can be self-inflicted or disease process
Overview of Cell Injury 3 Processes
1. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ due to membrane damage
2. decrease in oxygen or blood flow
3. free radicals can damage DNA, mitochondria, or cell membrane
Why is apoptosis sometimes desireable?
In apoptosis, cytoplasmic contents are neatly engulged by macrophages. These components, if exposed to the body, can cause inflammation and trigger an autoimmune response.
What are the 2 main types of necrosis? What is the main chemical reaction in each?
1. coagulative necrosis- semisolid appearance due to protein precipitation
2. liquefactive necrosis- soft and mushy due to enzymatic hydrolysis
What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
1. heat
2. redness
3. swelling
4. pain
5. functional impairment
What is the only granulocyte that does not leave the blood vessels? What cell in the connective tissue is functionally similar to it?
Basophil; Mast cell
Describe the two phases of inflammation and the processes of each.
1. Vascular phase- intitial reduced blood flow; increased blood flow; fluid leakage into tissues from vascular endothelium;