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How many ribs are there total?
12
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What are "true" ribs?
True ribs (also known as vertebrocostal) are ribs that attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage. Ribs 1-7 are true ribs and attach directly, both anteriorly and posteriorly
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What are "false" ribs?
False ribs (also known as vertebrochondral) are ribs that have cartilages that join with rib just superior and thus connect with the sternum indirectly. Ribs 8-10 are false ribs and attach to sternum via common cartilage
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What are "floating" ribs?
Floating ribs (also known as free) are ribs that have rudimentary cartilage and do not connect even indirectly with the sternum. Ribs 11-12 are free ribs and have no anterior articulation (connection)
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The ____ ____ on rib number attach to ____ and ____.
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A rib is most commonly injured...
Just anterior to its angle, where it is weakest; middle ribs (5-9) are most commonly injured because they are not protected and are the longest
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Are ribs 1-4 commonly injured?
No; ribs 1-4 are rarely injured because they are fairly short and protected by the clavicle
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1st rib
- Sharpest curve
- Shortest
- Broadest (the broader the rib is, the more muscles can attach)
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2nd rib
2 facets; one attaches to T1 and the other attachs to the 1st rib
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Ribs 3-9
Articulate (attach) with corresponding vertebra and the one superior (above). Example:Rib 3 articulates with T3 and T2
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Ribs 11-12
- Short with one facet
- No neck or tubercles (because they do not attach at the anterior aspect)
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12 thoracic vertebrae
- Long vertebral spinous processes that slant inferiorly
- Thin intervertebral discs (very thin in order to limit movement; recall the slice of bread and textbook example)
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What features of the thoracic vertebrae limit movement?
- The inferior sloping of spinous processes (makes it so that bone sits on bone and therefore cannot easily move)
- Thin intervertebral discs
- Articulation of ribs (limits movement in the transverse plane)
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What are the "bumps" you feel along your back?
Spinous processes
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What are the parts of the sternum?
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
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What is the manubrium?
The superior part of the sternum which articulates with the 1st and 2nd ribs; it's roughly trapezoidal in shape and contains the jugular notch land marking
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What is the "body"?
The part of the sternum just inferior to the manubrium, which is longer, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium; the body's width varies due to costal notches
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What is the xiphoid process?
The smallest and most variable part of the sternum; it is cartilaginous in young people, but more or less ossified in older people (composed of hyaline cartilage until individuals are roughly 40 years old)
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What is costocartilage?
Cartilage that prolong ribs anteriorly; it contributes to the elasticity of the thoracic wall
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Intercostal space
Meaning "between ribs"; contains intercostal muscles, vessels (arteries/veins), and nerves
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What is the pleura?
- Thin double layer membrane
- Contains fluid between layers
- Enables lungs to move freely
- Protects heart and lungs
- Fluid also helps to absorb shock
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What is a costovertebral joint?
A synovial plane joint where a rib articulates with a vertebra; contains 2 ligaments: the radiate (stabilizes at external aspect) and intra-articular (stabilizes at internal)
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What is a costotransverse joint?
A joint where a rib articulates with a transverse process of the corresponding vertebra; contains the lateral and superior costotransverse ligaments
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What is a manubriosternal joint?
A cartilaginous joint where the manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum
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What is a xiphisternal joint?
A cartilaginous joint where the ziphoid process articulates witht he body of the sternum
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What is a costochondral joint?
A cartilaginous joint where the sternal end of a rib articulates with lateral costal cartilage; the rib and cartilage are binded together by periosteum
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What is a interchondral joint?
A synovial plane joint responsible for the articulation between ribs 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9
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What is a sternochondral joint?
A joint responsible for the articulation between the sternum and costal cartilage; contains the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments
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External Intercostal muscle
- Origin: Inferior border of rib above (superior)
- Insertion: Superior border or rib below (inferior)
- Action: Elevation of ribs during inspiration
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Internal Intercostal muscle
- Origin: Superior border of rib below
- Insertion: Inferior border of rib above
- Action: Depression or ribs during expiration
*Runs at right angle to External Intercostal muscle*
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Innermost Intercostal muscle
*Deepest / most internal*
- Origin:Inferior border of rib above
- Insertion:Superior border of rib below
- Action:Elevate ribs during inspiration
*Innermost Intercostal muscle runs primarily on the lateral aspect because we need more power to raise ribs there because the ribs get longer*
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Transverse Thoracis muscle
*Runs more in the horizontal plane*
- Origin: Posterior surface of lower sternum
- Insertion: Internal surface of ribs 2-6 costal cartilage
- Action: Rib depression
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What is pleurisy?
An infection of the fluid of the pleura
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What occurs during rib separation?
The rib separates from the costal cartilage that attaches it to the sternum
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Name the joints listed 1-6 in the picture above
- 1. Costovertebral joint
- 2. Costotransverse joint
- 3/4. Sternocostal joint
- 5. Costochondral joint
- 6. Manubriosternal joint
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Structures of the thoracic cage
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Structures of the thoracic vertebrae
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