The movement of digestion products, electrolytes, vitamins & water across the GI tract epithelium & into the underlying blood & lymphatic vessels is called?
absorption
All of the following are organs of the digestive system?
liver
tongue
esophagus
Which selection includes only accessory digestive organs?
gallbladder,
liver,
pancreas,
salivary glands
Movements in the small intestine that churn the materials being digested & mix them with intestinal secretions are called?
segmentation
Which term describes the wave of muscular contraction that moves the material through the GI tract toward the anus?
peristalsis
Digestive functions of the tongue include?
manipulating & mixing ingested materials during chewing,
helping compress partially digested food to form a bolus,
assisting in the swallow process
The three pairs of multicellular salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity are the ______ glands?
parotid, submandibular, & sublingual
What is the mineralized matrix, similar to bone but harder, that forms the primary mass of each tooth?
dentin
Which selection correctly pair a type of tooth with its depression?
canines, one root & conical with a pointed tip
premolars, one or two roots & flat crowns with cusps
molars, three or more roots & large, broad, flat crowns
Which does NOT correctly pair a type of tooth with its description?
incisors, one or two roots & spoon-shaped
Which mesentery covers most of the abdominal organs, extending inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach?
greater omentum
From deep to superifical, what are the tunics of the intraperitoneal portions of the GI tract?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & serosa
In which of the following selections are the GI tract organs or regions correctly marked with the type of epithelium that lines them?
cecum, colon, & rectum; simple columnar
Within the mucous membrane of the GI tract, the layer of the areolar connective tissue is called the?
lamina propria
The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, the ________, before it connects to the stomach.
esophageal hiatus
Histological features of the esophageal wall include?
an outer fibrous layer, the adventitia, with no serosa
Which tunic of the GI tract typically contains an inner circular layer & an outer longitudinal layer, with the myenteric nerve plexus in between?
muscularis
What are the three phases of the swallowing process?
voluntary, pharyngeal, & esophageal
Which digestive organ mechanically & chemically transforms a food bolus into chyme?
stomach
Which list proceeds from the superior to the inferior end of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
The prominent folds of the mucosa that nearly disappear when the stomach expands are the?
rugae
From the superior end downward, the three segments of the small intestine are the?
duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
What is the function of the cilli in the small intestine?
to increase the surface area for absorption & secretion
Which sequence lists the regions of the large intestine in order, from the end of the ileum to the anus?
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Arrange the segments of the colon in the sequence through which digested material passes prior to defecation: (1)sigmoid (2)transverse (3)descending (4)ascending
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
The mucosa of the large intestine is characterized by?
lack of intestinal villi
numerous goblet cells & intestinal glands
many lymphatic nodules & cells in the lamina propria
Production of bile is one of several important functions of the?
liver
Bile is stored & concentrated in the?
Gallbladder
Which hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice & bicarbonate?
cholecystokinin & secretin
Age-related changes in the digestice system include which of the following?
reduced secretion of mucin, enzymes & acid
decreased replacement of epithelial cells
diminished muscular tone & GI tract motility
On each maxilla & each side of the mandible, both the deciduous & permanent dentitions typically include two for slicing or cutting into food?
incisors
Unique to the permanent dentition, the two pairs of _______ on each jaw are used for crushing & grinding food
premolars
Which statement does NOT accurately describe an aspect of swallowing?
actions are primarily involuntary until the bolus reaches the oropharynx
Which statement accurately describes an aspect of swallowing?
first phase occurs in oral cavity & involves the tongue & hard palate
soft palate, uvula, & pharyngeal constrictors participate in second phase
third phase involves involuntary control of both skeletal & smooth muscle
Which salivary glands empty into the oral cavity through single ducts on each side of the lingual frenulum, posterior to the incisors?
submandibular
Which salivary glands are located subcutaneously, offering a good environment for a once-common childhood virus that is now largely controlled by vaccination?
parotid
Submucosal nerve plexus is to submucosa as ______ nerve plexus is to muscularis
myenteric
Histologically, the stomach mucosa comprises
a simple columnar epithelial linng, with numerous gastric pits
The _____ is actually composed of _____ peritoneum & is therefor found only on organs within the peritoneal cavity
serosa; vsceral
Portions of the GI tract outside the peritoneal cavity are surrounded by a layer of areolar connective tissue called the?
adventitia
Which selection correctly pairs a type of gastric epithelial cell with its secretion?
enteroendocrine cell, somatostain
The production of acid & enzymes by the gastric mucosa can be controlled by?
sympathetic innervation,
parasympathetic innervation,
hormonnes from the mucosa itself
Which hormone, produced by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach lining, stilmulates other gland cells as well as smooth muscle fibers in the stomach wall?
gastrin
The digestive fluids that mix with Chyme in the _____ are secreted by _____?
duodenum; hepatocytes & cells of the pancreatic lobules & ducts
In the small intestine, the pilcae circulaes & villi provide?
increased surface area for the absorption of nutrient molecules
Dietary lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins too large to enter the bloodstream directly can first enter the _____ by way of _____?
lymphatic system; lacteals
The mucosa of the ____ is equipped with abundant, pea-sized or larger _____ that help to protect it from encroaching bacteria?
ileum; peyer patches
The hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands include?
sercretin & cholecystokinin
The _____ reflex stimulate powerful, peristaltic-like contractions of the teniae coli that produce_______?
gastrocolic; mass movements
Which ligament of the liver is the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?
ligamentum teres
Exocrine secretion by the pancreas is?
stimulated by the hormones cholecytokinin & secretin
stimulated by parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve
inhibited by activty of the sympathetic divison of the ANS
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
jejunum
In the adult, the only remnants of the embroyonic ventral mesentry are the?
lesser omentum & falciform ligament
What is the most likely cause of pernicious anemia (a chronic, progressive anemia of old adults) given that it can be successfully treated by administration of vitamin B12?
defective parietal cells in the gastric glands
What do all of the popular medications for reflux esophagitit ("heartburn") & gastroesophageal reflux disease have in common?
all work by reducing stomach acidity rather than preventing reflux
Which organ is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
liver
The _____ cells of the stomach secrets hydrochloric acid (HCI)?
parietal
Material leaving the ascending colon next enters the?
transverse colon
Which organ is retroperitoneal?
descending colon
Sympathetic innercation of the GI tract is responsible for?
closing the pyloric sphincter
The ____ is derived from teh cranial part of the primary intestinal loop?
jejunum
the main pancreatic duct merges with the _____, & their contents empty into the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?
common bile duct
Which statement is false about pancreatic juice?
it is responsible for emulsifying )break down) fats
Which statement is true about pancreatic juice?
it is secreted through main pancreatic duct into the duodenum
it is produced by the acinar cells of the pancrea
the juice has an alkaline pH
The "living" part of a toothe is the?
pulp
Most of the chemical digestion of our food occurs within the?
small intestine
Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
removal of waste products from the bloodstream
storage & excretion of urine
regulation of blood volume &, indirectly, blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
regulation of leukocyte & platelet production
All of the following structures are components of the urinary system EXCEPT?
gallbladder
All of the following structures are components of the urinary system?
kidneys
ureters
urethra
Which sequence correctly traces the path of urine after it leaves the kindeys?
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What structure rests on the superior pole of each kidney?
adrenal gland
The four tissue layers surrounding & supporting the kidneys are the?
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia & paranephric fat
The outer layer of the kidney, just internal to the fibrous capsule, is the renal?
cortex
In a typical adult kidney, the renal _____ is subdivided into 8 to 15 distinct conical or triangular structures known as renal _____?
medulla; pyramids
Which term describes the tip of a renal pyramid that projects toward the renal sinus?
renal papilla
Blood vessels, nerves, & the ureter connect to the kidney at a prominent medial indentation known as the?
hilum
What is the functional filtration unit in the kidney?
nephron
Components of a nephron include?
a renal corpuscle
proximal & distal convoluted tubules
a nephron loop
Components of a renal corpuscle include?
a glomerulus & glomerular capsule
From the renal artery, blood flows through which sequences of arteries?
segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular
In various nephron, ____ form a network around the convoluted tubles; surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries called the ______?
peritublar capillaries; vasa recta
Nephrons with nephron loops that barely penetrate the renal medulla are called?
cortical nephrons
Which of the following is NOT a charateristics of a juxtamedullary nephron?
the entire nephron is located in the superficial cortex of the kidney
Glomerular capillaries are characterized by all of the following?
blood under relatively high pressure, from afferent arteriole
a fenestrated endothelium that allows materials to be filtered
an epithelial covering of podocytes with pedicels & filtration slits
Arrange the following to trace the path of filtrate through a renal tubule: (1)proximal conviluted tubule (2)distal convoluted tubule (3)ascending limb of nephron loop (4)descending limb of nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
The three interrelated processes of urine formations are?
filtration, reaborption & secretion
From which part of the renal tubule are 60-65% of the water & virtually all nutrients, electrolytes & plasma proteins reabsorbed into the blood?
proximal convoluted tubule
Which part of the renal tubule is lined throughout its length by a simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse, short microvilli?
distal convoluted tubule
Hydrogen & potassium ions are secreted into the tubular fluid in the?
distal convoluted tubule
Which sequence correctly traces the flow of tubular fluid after it leaves the nephrons?
In which of the following selections are the structure & its contents correctly matched?
tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following have no campanion vessels?
segmental arteries
Nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are to ____ as convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons are to _____?
vasa recta; peritubular capillaries
During which steps of urine formation are substances actually removed from the blood? (1)filtration (2)reabsorption (3)secretion
filtration & secretion
Which of the following structures assist in producting more concentrated urine?
renal tubules & collecting ducts
Physically part of a nephron, each ______ is also part of a tiny structure that helps regulate blood pressure & volume?
macula densa
Renin is relases by the _____ in response to _____ renal blood volume or solute concentration in the tubular fluid?
juxtaglomerular cells; reduced
Damage to the renal medulla would most directly impair the function of?
collecting ducts
Which hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex in response to rising levels of angiiotensin II, increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules?
aldosterone
The direct consequence of inadequate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion would most likely be?
Dehydration
Which statement does NOT correctly describe the path of urine flow?
the renal pelvis conveys urine directly to the urethra
Which statement does correctly describe the path of urine flow?
ducts in each renal papilla drain into a minor calyx
the minor calyces merge to form a major calyx
the major calyces combine to form the renal pelvis
The renal plexus that innervates each kidney includes all of the following?
sympathetic postganglionic axons from the T10-T12 spinal segments
parasympathetic innervation from CN X(vagus nerve)
visceral sensory axons that follow the sympathetic pathway
The ______ innervation to the _____ has no know effect?
parasympathetic; kidney
Which tunic found in the walls of most digestive organs, & the urinary bladder, is missing fromteh walls of the ureters?
submocusa
Which description of the urinary bladder & urethra is true?
the trigone of the urinary bladder serves to funnel urine into the urethra
a sphincter encircles the urethral opening at the neck of the urinary bladder
the entrance into the urethra is at the most inferior point in the bladder
Which description of the urinary bladder & urethra is false?
the internal urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle under voluntary control
Which of the following are attributable in whole or in part to the reduced sensitivity to aldosterone & ADH that results from aging?
less reabsorption of water & sodium ions
more frequent urination & increased daily fluid requirement
greater fluctations in blood volume & pressure
Often diagnosed by an intravenous pyelogram, ______ can commonly be treated nonsurgically with lithotripsy?
renal calculi
Through a series of developmental changes, a single extension of the embryonic hindout that leads from the cloaca to the umbilicus forms all of the following?
allantois
urachus
median umbilical ligament
Kidneys that remain at their embryonic point of orgin usually have normal function, although their blood supply comes from _____ instead of typcal renal arteries?
branches of the common iliac arteries
Which of the following kidney a anomalies has the most serious health consequences?
bilateral renal agencies
Which organ is responsible for filtering the blood?
kidney
Which statment is true about the urinary bladder?
the bladder is lined with transitional epithelium
Tubular fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the?
nephron loop
The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal?
papilla
The arteries located at the corticomedullary junction of the kidney are the?
arcuate arteries
Which statement is true about the kidneys?
the right kidney is positioned more inferiorly than the left kidney
the renal artery, renal vein, & ureter connect to the kidney at its hilum
What statment is false about the kidney?
a. the right kidney is positioned more inferiorly than the left kidney
b. the cortex is subdivided into renal pyramids
c. the renal artery, renal vein, & ureter connect to the kidney at its hilum
d. the kidney is covered with a renal capsule
the cortex is subdivided into renal pyramids
Urine in a major calyx of the kidney next travels to the?
minor calyx
Which structure is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
Reabsorption is the movement of fluid & solutes from the?
tubular fluid into the pertubular capillaries
The micturition reflex controls?
voiding of the filled bladder
General functions of the lymphatic system include?
fluid & nutrient transport
lymphocyte development
the immune response
How much excess interstitial fluid must the lymphatic system return to the bloodstream each day?
about 3 liters
A systematic defense against antigens, initiated by lymphatic cells, is called?
an immune response
Which one of the following statements is false?
a. blood pressure forces fluid out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces
b. "leaked" fluids can be returned to the blood only by lymphatic vessels
c. lymphatic vessels return intersitial fluid to the venous circulation
d. blood volume would drop precipitously without the lympathic drainage
"leaked" fluids can be returned to the blood only by lymphatic vessesls
Which of the following statements is true?
A. blood pressure forces fluid out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces
c. lymphatic vessels return intersitial fluid to the venous circulation
d. blood volume would drop precipitously without the lympathic drainage
Which of the following is true in comparing lymphatic vessels with small veins?
both have valves within the lumen
both contain the same three tunics
contraction of nearby skeletal muscles helps propel fluids through both
Which is false in comparing lymphatic vessels with small veins?
a. both have valves within the lumen
b. both contain the same three tunics
c. pressures in lymphatic vessels exceed those in veins
d. contraction of nearby skeletal muscles helps propel fluids through both
pressures in lymphatic vessels exceed those in veins
The two largest lymph-collecting vessels are the?
thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
Which sequence correctly traces the flows of lymph from lymphatic capillaries in the right thigh to the left subclavian vein?
phagocytizes bacteria & foreign debris from the blood
Accuratley describes the spleen?
surrounded by a capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissue
white pulp contains clusters of lymphatic cells encircling central arteries
red pulp contains splenic cords & sinusoids with numerous macrophages
With advancing age the lymphatic system loses effectiveness in?
providing immunity & fighting disease
The visceral pleura covers the?
outer surface of the lung
An area common to both the respiratory and digestive systems through which food, drink & air pass is the?
oropharynx
Which structure is the last, smallest portion of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
terminal bronchiole
Which is not a function of the paranasal sinuses?
gas exchange
Which is a function of paranasal sinuses?
warm inhaled air
responsible for sound resonace
humidify inhaled air
The ______ cartilage of the larynx forms the laryngeal prominence?
thyroid
The C-shaped cartilages in the trachea do what?
Prevent the trachea from collapsing
Which of the following is a muscle of inspiration?
diaphragm
external intercostals
scalene
What is NOT a muscle of inspiration?
rectus abdominis
The epithelium lining the alveolus is composed of?
a simple squamous epithelium
The apneustic center is involved in?
stimulation of DRG
Which of the following best describes the lymphatic system?
a one-way route from the interstitial fluid to the blood
Compared with blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries?
are large in diameter & have overlapping endothelial cells
lack well-organized layers separating them from surrounding tissues
are closed-ended tubes found in most but not all the same locations
Regarding the distribution & lifespan of lymphocytes, which statement is true?
a. they are not evenly distributed in the blood & bone marrow
b. B-lymphocytes are seldom found in the thymus
c. they have a relatively uniform life span of about 120 days
d. T-lymphocytes may outnumber B-lymphocytes by more than 5 to 1
they are not evenly distributed in the blood & bone marrow
B-lymphocytes are seldom found in the thymus
T-lymphocytes may out-number B-lymphocytes by more than 5 to 1
Regaring the distribution & lifespan of lymphocytes, which statement is falst?
a. they are not evenly distributed in the blood & bone marrow
b. B-lymphocytes are seldom found in the thymus
c. they have a relatively uniform life span of about 120 days
d. T-lympphocytes may outnumber
they have a relatively uniform life span of about 120 days
How does the production of T-lymphocytes change after puberty?
in adults, they are produced only by divison of existing T-lymphocytes
Lymphcytes may respond to which of the following?
invading organisms, such as viruses
abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells
foreign proteins, such as toxins released by bacteria
Lymphocytes located in the _____ do not participate in the immune response?
thymus
Which pair correctly matches a lymphocyte's function with its typical coreceptor?
kills a wide variety of infected or cancerous cells; CD16
Which two of the following are typically necessary to stimulate a B-lymphocyte to divide & differentiate?
a help T-lymphocyte & an antigen
When dissolved in body fluids, the antibodies produced by plasma cells are called?
immunoglobulins
Ironically, key components of the body's defense against infection, the ______ are themselves infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
helper T-lymphocytes
Current evidence indicates that HIV is least likely to be transmitted via which of the following body fluids from an infected person?
saliva
Which of the following accurately describes activities or structures of lymph nodes?
lymph percolates slowly through cortical & then medullary sinuses
one or two efferent lymphatic vessels drain the lymph node through the hilum
lymph from one lymph node often flows into another for further filtering
Which of the following does not accurately describe activites or structures of lymph nodes?
lymphocytes line the sinuses & phagocytize foreign debris from the lymph
Which pair correctly matches a type of lymphatic cell with its function?
dendritic cell; internalizes antigens from lymph for presentation to other cells
Specialized epithelial cells that perform both an endocrine and a lymphatic function are called?
nurse cells
Medullary cords are strands of ________ supported by connective tissue fibers, located in the ______?
B-lymphocytes & macrophages; lymph nodes
The blood-thymus barrier does what?
protects lymphocytes iin the cortex of the thymus from exposure to antigens
Which pair correctly matches a component of the spleen with its function?
white pulp; initiates immune response to antigens in the blood
red pulp; serves as a resevoir for erythrocytes & platelets
splenic sinusoids; transport blood 7 house macrophages
In contrast to vaccination, injection of immunoglobulins...?
provides antibodies directly without training the body how to produce them
What does a booster shot typically accomplish?
stimulates the production of new populations of memory B-lymphocytes
Which of the following poses the greatest risk to an adult as a consequence of having a splenectomy?
septicemia
An extreme form of lymphedema caused by a chronic filarial worm infection is called?
elephantiasis
Recent research suggests that atherosclerosis results from inappropriate activity by T-Lymphocytes, which would place it in the same category of diseases as?
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
Which of the following does NOT contribute to elderly individual's increased susceptibility to illness?
lifelong accumulation of antibodies increases the likelihood of allergic reactions
Of the following, which forms first in the embryo?
cisterna chyli
When does the spleen start to aquire its lymphatic functionality?
during the second trimester
Lymph from which of the following body regions drains into teh thoracic duct?
right lower limb
Which type of lymphatic cell is responsible for producing antibodies?
plasma cell
What statement is false about lymphatic nodules?
lymphatic nodules are completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
What is the function of the blood-thymus barrier?
it protects maturing T-lymphocytes from antigens in the blood
Which type of lymph vessels consists solely of an endothelium & has one-way valves that allow interstitial fluid to enter?
lymphatic capillary
Which statement is true about lymph nodes?
lymph enters the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
In early Streptococcus infection of the throat, all of the following structures may swell?
pharyngeal tonsil
cervical lymph node
palatine tonsil
Which of the following is a function of the white pulp of the spleen?
elicits an immune response if antigens are detected in the blood
The embryonic lymph sacs go on to form the?
lymph nodes
Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?
provide an area for gas exchange between air & circulating blood
conidition gases before they reach the exchange surfaces of the lungs
defend respiratory system & other tissues against inhaled bacteria
Which selection includes only Upper respiratory tract components?
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, 7 pharynx
The lower respiratory tract extends from the _____ to the ______, inclusive
larynx; alveoli
The functional division of the respiratory system that transports air (as opposed to exchanging gases with the blood) is called the?
conducting portion
Air filtration & conditioning, olfaction & sound resonance are all functions of the?
conduction portion
Which term describes the part of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose?
vestibule
What composes the nasal septum?
the vomer
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
septal cartilage
The passages that conduct air from the vesitbule to the internal nares are the?
superior, middle, & inferior meatuses
Regions of the pharynx include which of the following except?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
larynopharynx
larynx
Regions of the pharynx include which of the following?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
larynopharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynopharynx
The respiratory system assists the cardiovascular & lymphatic systems in?
regulating blood volume
regulating blood pressure
controlling body fluid pH
Which pair does not correctly match a respiratory passageway with its primary opening(s) for receiving inhaled air?
vestibule; external nares
nasopharynx; choanae
orophaynx; fauces
trachea; rima glottidis
orophaynx; fauces
Which pair correctly match a respiratory passageway with its primary opening(s) for receiving inhaled air?
vestibule; external nares
nasopharynx; choanae
orophaynx; faucestrachea
rima glottidis
vestibule; external nares
nasopharynx; choanae
trachea; rima glottidis
Of the following, which structure is a component of both the lower respiratory tract & the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
larynx
Which one of the following accurately characterize the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract?
it is mostly pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
cilia in the larger passageways sweep trapped debris toward the pharynx, where it is swallowd
it changes from simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium which progressively smaller bronchioles
Which one of the following does NOT accurately characterize the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract?
goblet vells & mucous glands in the lamina propria secrete a watery, lubricating fluid
In which pair is each structure or region lined with two different kinds of epithelia (the same two)?
pharynx & larynx
Which structure consists of a narrow opening with ligamentous lateral walls that both guard the passage into lower respiratory tract & vibrate to produce sound?
glottis
The lining of the trachea consists of a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium & an underlying lamina propria; together, these constitue the?
mucosa
Which paranasal sinuses are located deepest within the skull, or farthest posterior to the face?
sphenoid
Which statement about the respiratory tract is true?
stratified epithelia occur only in parts of the tract shared by another system
the trachea is part of the lower respiratory tract but not of the bronchial tree
the inferior end of the bronchial tree is also the end of the conducting portion
Even if all the defenses in the conducting portion of the respiratory tract fail, ______ may still destroy pathogens before they can enter the body fluids?
alveolar macrophages
An important function of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to?
reduce friction between the visceral & parietal pleurae
Branches or tributaries of which vessels carry oxygenated blood through the tissues of the lungs?
pulmonary veins & bronchial arteries
Autonomic stimulation via the vagus nerves causes what response within the lungs?
bronchoconstriction
In prematurely born infants, hyaline membrane disease is associated with inadequate production of _______ by _____ cells?
surfactant; alveolar type II
Babies that sleep on their stomach are now known to be at great risk of?
SIDs (crib death)
Ultimately, the harmful effects of cystic fibrosis are attributable to _____, caused by a defective gene?
osmotic imbalance in gland cells
Which of the following result from the presence of free air in the pleural cavity?
pneumothorax & allergies
Smoking is a very dangerous habit because?
it causes emphysema & significantly increases the risk & severity of atherosclerosis
second-hand smoke may trigger bronchitis, ear infections & asthma in children
Which type of lung cancer has histological ties to the nervous & endocrine systems & tends to metastasize very early?
