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Transformation
transfer of information. (btwn s strain cells into the live r strain cells)
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Bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
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Nucleotides
- building blocks of dna. composed of
- 5carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- a phosphate group (PO4)
- a nitrogenous base (a,t,c,g)
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Phosphodiester Bond
bond between adjacent nucleotides
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Chargaff's Rule
- amount of adenine = amount of thymine
- amount of cytosine = amont of guanine
A-T C-G
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Complementary Bases
form hydrogen bonds on the opposite sugar-phosphate backbone
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Double-Helix
structure of DNA, proposed by Watson & Crick
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Antiparallel
- how the two strands of nucleotides are lined up.
- they wrap around each other to create the helical shape of the molecule.
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Deoxyribose
sugar made up of nucliec acid
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Conservative Model
of the two helics, one would be of old material and the other of new material
the old parent double helix would be unchanged
PRODUCT: one would expect to find two layers, one of N14 and the other of N15, in the first generation, and similarly for subsequent generations
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Semi-conservative Model
each strand of the two double helices would have one old and one new strand
- PRODUCT: the first generation would be expected to show a hybrid N1.+NI5 layer. With each generation after the second the N14 layer would show a greater accumulation of material
- DNA replicates this way
- the double strands formed are identical to parent
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Dispersive Model
- double helix would break at several points forming many pieces.
- Each piece would replicate, and then the pieces would reconnect at random. Thus the two double helices formed would have a patchwork of old and new pieces
- PRODUCT:tubes of all generations would be expected to show a single layer (N14+N15), since the DNA would contain both new and old materialmixed up.
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Initiation
replication begins at an origin of replication
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Orgin of replication
where replication begins
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Elongation
new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase
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DNA Polymerase
- synthesizes DNA strands
- PolyIII-many polymerase responsible for majority of DNA synthesis, adds nucleotides to the 3" end of the daughter strand of DNA
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Termination
replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Helicase
enzyme that unwoundsd the double helix
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Leading Strand
synthesized discontinuously (same direction as the replication fork)
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Lagging Strand
synthesized discontinously creaking Okazaki fragments
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Telomeres
- repeated DNA sequence on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
- produced by telomerase
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Telomerase
contains an RNA region thats used as template so that a dNA primer can be produced
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Central Dogma (rna)
states that info flows in one direction
DNA-->RNA-->protien
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Transcription (rna
flow of info from DNA to RNA
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Translation (rna)
flow of info from RNA to protien
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Codon (rna)
set of 3 nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
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Reading frame (rna)
- serious of nucleotides read in sets of 3 (codon)
- only 1 is correct for encoding the correct sequence of amino acids
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Stop Codons (rna)
- 3 codons in the genetic code used to terminate translation
- (UUA, UGA, UAG)
- recognized by release factors which release the polypeptide from the ribosome
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Start Codons (rna)
the AUG codon used tosignify start of translation
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Template strand (rna)
strand of the DNA double helix used to make RNA
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Coding Strand (rna)
strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand
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RNA polymerase (rna)
the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the DNA template
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Initiation (proceed of transcription) for RNA
RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription
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elongation (proceed transcription) for RNA
RNA nucleotides are added to the 3" end of the new RNA
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Termination (proceed of transcription) for RNA
RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence
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Transcription Factors (RNA)
- initiation of transption of mRNA requires a serious of transcription factors:
- proteins that act to bind RNA polymerase to the promoter and initiate transcription
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the information from DNA that encodes protiens
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
is a structural component of the ribosome
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
carries amino acids to the ribosomes for translation
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Transcription Bubble
- moves down DNA template and consists:
- RNA plymerase, DNA template, growing RNA transcript
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5' cap (rna)
- modified in primary transcript of eukaryotes
- an addition
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3' poly-A tail (rna)
- modified in primary transcript of eukaryotes
- an addition
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Introns (rna)
removal of non-coding sequences in
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Spliceosome (rna)
the organelle responsible for remving introns and splicing exons together
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Introns & Exons (rna)
small ribonucleoprotien particles (snRNPs) within the spliceosome recogize the intron-exon boundaries
- intron-non-coding sequence
- exons-sequences that will be translated
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tRNA
- in translation, molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide
- amino acids are added to the acceptor arm of tRNA
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P Site (rna)
one of the binding sites ribosomes have for tRNA
it binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain
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A site (rna)
bind the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
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E site (rna)
binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid
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Point Mutations (Rna)
alter a single base
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Base Substitution mutations (rna)
part of point mutations
substitute one base for another
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Nonsense mutations (rna)
part of point mutations
create stop codon
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Frameshift mutations (rna)
part of point mutations
caused by insertion or deletion of a single base
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