Bio Final

transfer of information. (btwn s strain cells into the live r strain cells)

viruses that infect bacteria

DNA

• building blocks of dna. composed of
• 5carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
• a phosphate group (PO4)
• a nitrogenous base (a,t,c,g)

bond between adjacent nucleotides

• amount of adenine = amount of thymine
• amount of cytosine = amont of guanine

A-T C-G

form hydrogen bonds on the opposite sugar-phosphate backbone

structure of DNA, proposed by Watson & Crick

• how the two strands of nucleotides are lined up.
• they wrap around each other to create the helical shape of the molecule.

sugar made up of nucliec acid

of the two helics, one would be of old material and the other of new material

the old parent double helix would be unchanged

PRODUCT: one would expect to find two layers, one of N14 and the other of N15, in the first generation, and similarly for subsequent generations

each strand of the two double helices would have one old and one new strand

• PRODUCT: the first generation would be expected to show a hybrid N1.+NI5 layer. With each generation after the second the N14 layer would show a greater accumulation of material
• DNA replicates this way
• the double strands formed are identical to parent

• double helix would break at several points forming many pieces.
• Each piece would replicate, and then the pieces would reconnect at random. Thus the two double helices formed would have a patchwork of old and new pieces
• PRODUCT:tubes of all generations would be expected to show a single layer (N14+N15), since the DNA would contain both new and old materialmixed up.

replication begins at an origin of replication

where replication begins

new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase

• synthesizes DNA strands
• PolyIII-many polymerase responsible for majority of DNA synthesis, adds nucleotides to the 3" end of the daughter strand of DNA

replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

enzyme that unwoundsd the double helix

synthesized discontinuously (same direction as the replication fork)

synthesized discontinously creaking Okazaki fragments

• repeated DNA sequence on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
• produced by telomerase

contains an RNA region thats used as template so that a dNA primer can be produced

states that info flows in one direction

DNA-->RNA-->protien

flow of info from DNA to RNA

flow of info from RNA to protien

set of 3 nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

• serious of nucleotides read in sets of 3 (codon)
• only 1 is correct for encoding the correct sequence of amino acids

• 3 codons in the genetic code used to terminate translation
• (UUA, UGA, UAG)
• recognized by release factors which release the polypeptide from the ribosome

the AUG codon used tosignify start of translation

strand of the DNA double helix used to make RNA

strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand

the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the DNA template

RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription

RNA nucleotides are added to the 3" end of the new RNA

RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence

• initiation of transption of mRNA requires a serious of transcription factors:
• proteins that act to bind RNA polymerase to the promoter and initiate transcription

carries the information from DNA that encodes protiens

is a structural component of the ribosome

carries amino acids to the ribosomes for translation

• moves down DNA template and consists:
• RNA plymerase, DNA template, growing RNA transcript

• modified in primary transcript of eukaryotes
• an addition

• modified in primary transcript of eukaryotes
• an addition

removal of non-coding sequences in

the organelle responsible for remving introns and splicing exons together

small ribonucleoprotien particles (snRNPs) within the spliceosome recogize the intron-exon boundaries

• intron-non-coding sequence
• exons-sequences that will be translated

• in translation, molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide
• amino acids are added to the acceptor arm of tRNA

one of the binding sites ribosomes have for tRNA

it binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain

bind the tRNA carrying the next amino acid

binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid

alter a single base

substitute one base for another

create stop codon

caused by insertion or deletion of a single base