dmrn105e

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Features of normal cells
- Apoptosis
- Specific morphology
- Tight adherence
- Diploid (euploid)
- Contact inhibition
- Nonmigratory
- Differiented function
- Small nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Features of embryonic cells
- Rapid and continuous cell division
- Anaplasia
- Large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Pluripotency
- Loose adherence
- Migration
- No contact inhibition
- Normal chromosomes
Features of Benign tumor cells
- Continous or inappropriate cell growth
- Specific morphology
- Small nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Differentiated function
- Tight adherence
- No migration
- orderly growth
- normal chromosomes
Features of cancer cells
(malignant)
- Rapid continuous growth
- Anaplasia
- Large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Loose adherence
- Migration
- No contact inhibition
- Abnormal chromosomes
Malignant transformation occurs through which steps
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
- Metastasis
Initiation
- 1st step in carcinogenesis
- Is an irreversible change that can lead to cancer development
Promotion

the enhancement of growth of an initiated cell
Promoters

Substances that promote or enhance growth of intiated cells
Latency period
- Time between a cells initiation and the development of an overt tumor
- Promoters shorten the latency period
Progression
- The continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time
- Tumor must develop its own blood supply first
primary tumor

The original tumor
Secondary tumor

Additional tumors that came from primary or original tumor
Steps to Metastasis
- Extendion into surrounding tissues
- Blood vessel penetration
- Release of tumor cell
- Invasion
- Local seeding
- Blood-borne metastisis
- Lymphatic spread
Primary brain cancer can metastasis where

Only the CNS
Cancer Classificiation
- Grading
- Ploidy
- Staging
- TNM
- Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading of malignant tumor
- G_X - cannot be graded
- G₁- tumor well differenciated
- Closely resemble normal cell
- Low grade of malignancy
- Malignant and slow growing
- G₄ - poorly differenciated
- Retain no normal cell charactreristics
- High grade of malignancy
Stagging of cancer
TNM classification
Primary tumor (T)
- T_X - cannot be assessed
- T₀ - no evidence of primary tumor
- T_is- Carcinoma in situ
- T_1-4 - Increasing size or extent of the primary tumor
Stagging of cancer
TNM classification
Regional lymph nodes (N)
- N_x- Cannot be assessed
- N₀ - No regional lymph node metastasis
- N_1-3 - Increasing involvement of regional lymph node
Stagging of cancer
TNM classification
Distant Metastasis (M)
- M_x - Cannot be assessed
- M₀- No distant metastasis
- M₁- Distant metastasis
Doubling time

The time it takes the for a tumor to double in size
Mitotic index

The % of actively dividing cells within a tumor
2 physical agents that are known to cause cancer
- Ratiation
- Chronic irritation
2 types of radiation
- Ionizing
- Ultraviolet
Sources of UV radiation
- Solar
- Tanning bed
- Germicidal lights
Sources of ionizing radiation
- Radon
- Uranium
- Radium
- Medical X-rays
Viral carcinogens
- Epstein-barr
- Hepatits B and C
- HPV
7 warning signs of cancer
- C - Change in bowel or bladder habit
- A - A sore that wont heal
- U - Unusual bleeding or discharge
- T - Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
- I - Ingestion or difficulty swallowing
- O - Obvious change in a wart or mole
- N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
Personal risk factors
- Age
- Immune function
- Genetic risk
Primary prevention of cancer
- Avoid known cause of carcinogen
- Removal of at risk tissue
- Chemoprevention
- Vaccination
- Modification of associated factors
Secondary prevention of cancer
- Regular screening
- Altering damaged genes
- Genetic screening

Author

blkbunny20

51852

Card Set

dmrn105e

Description

medical surgical

Updated

2010-11-27T17:45:03Z