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Hallucination
a reported sensory experience for which no sensory input exsits
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hallucinogens
are one of the more striking symptoms associated with such drugs, many authors refer to this class of drug as ....
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psychotomimetic
psychosismimicking
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psychotogenic
psychosis generating
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psychedelic
for mind expanding mind manifesting mind clarifying or mind revealing
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monoamine related substances
whose molecular structure and biochemical activity suggest that their effects are mediated by alteration in the activity of 5-HT DA and NE in the CNS
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Cannabinoids
derivaties of Cannabis sativa (marijuana) plant or synthetic analogues
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anticholinergics
block ACH activity in the brain
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dissociative anesthetics
are analgesic/anesthetic drugs with P/P/H effects
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ibogaine
P/P/H drug with pharmacological properties so unique that it does not fit into any of the four classes but shares some properties with at least two of them
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1. monoamine related substances
2. cannabinoids
3. anticholinergics
4. dissociative anesthetics
ibogaine
list the 4 main classes of P/P/Hs
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ability to alter consciousness and perceptual processes
most of these drugs grain their reinforcing values for humans because of their ability to ........ (rather than exerting effects on the primary reward centers of the brain)
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governmental restrains and lack of funding
research on most of the P/P/Hs over the last 3 decades particularly with humans has been limited primarily due to ..............( 2 things ) for this type of reseach
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schedule 1
furthermore, since many of these substances are classified as ......drugs researchers have to apply special DEA licence to conduct research with them
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1. LSD
2. psilocybin
3. mescaline
4. MDA
5. MDMA
Examples of Monoamine related P/P/Hs
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3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine
MDA
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(3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
MDMA
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ergot
LSD is a derivative of ..... which is present in bread blighted by ..... producing fungi and produces a wide variety of neuropsychiatic and vascular symptoms
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Hoffmann
LSD was originally synthesized by ......in 1938 while working with several derivatives of ergot
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autoreceptors , postsynaptic receptor s
some of the 5- HT receptors are ..... and some are ,,,,
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agonists, partial agonist, or antagonist
depending on the type of receptor LSD like P/P/Hs may act as ...., ....,. or , ...
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subjective
the psychological effects of LSD and other P/P/Hs are very difficult to describe because they are almost entirely .... and dependent upon self reports
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context, and expectations
futhermore, the effects are very dependent upon the ... and the ..... of the person
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transcendental experiences
users report that they see things regarding themselves or others that they have never seen before
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kaleidoscope
with the eyes closed the person experiences a virtual ... of changing patterns and intense colors
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synesthesia
the transposition of sensations, such as sounds into visual images may occur
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dysphoric reactions, "bad trips"
generally occur if users take a larger then usual dose of these substances and suddenly get the feeling that they are completely losing control over the experience and that they may never return to normal
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flashbacks
some users may experience what they report as brief episodes similar to the LSD induced state-- several weeks or months ofter they have ingested LSD (causes ??)
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MDMA "Ecstasy"
the latest controversy over monoamine related P/P/Hs is centered around a chemical relative of methamphetamine
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designer drug
MDMA is commonly referred to as a ........ but it was synthesized by a legitimate company long before the concept came into being
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so-called smart drugs
party goers who typically use MDMA often drink beverages with amino acids added to them
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serotonin, presynaptic
...seems to be heavily involved in the effects of both drugs, however rather than reducing serotonin realse as is the case with LSD both have been found to be potent serotonin releasing agents (..........effect)
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acute, cortical serotonin
following the serotonin releaseing action there is an ..... depletion of ,,..... between 3 and 6 hours after administration
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cannabis sativa
the leaves and buds of the ..... plant aka marijuana have been used as a medical herb for centuries
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amotivational syndrome
some believe that marijuanas use results in a strong psychological dependence, leads users to more potent and dangerous drugs, induce the ...... and is the cause of permanent brain damage
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THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
the major psychoactive chemical in marijuana
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joint (10-20 mg of THC)
marijuana is commonly administered by smoking a .......(...mg of THC)
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orally, inhalation
most cannabinoids are highly lipid-souble and are readily absorbed both ...... and through ..........
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metabolism, smoke, lungs
orally, GI tract, liver
initial ..... of cannabinoids, in marijuana .....occurs in the ...... where as .....administration cannabinoids are metabolized in the...... and then by the .....
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metabolites
psychoactive
most of the .....are also ......
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fluidizing
THC exerts nonspecific .......effects on lipid membranes -similar to those of general anesthetics and alcohol but not to the same degree
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stereospecificity, levo isomer
more active , dextro isomer
there is a definite ,,,,,on the THC molecule was with the ........being from 6 to 100 times .......then the .......
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hippocampial operations
THC mediated changes in ....... are probably responsible for the distortions in memory and cognitive performance that commonly occurs during marijuana intoxication
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acute panic anxiety reaction
the ....noted, particularly when unexpected strong marijuana is used. is the more common psychological effect.
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reverse tolerance
many users of marijuana report........
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non-related effects of marijuana
a. acute marijuana intoxication
tachycardia
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tachycardia
rapid heart rate
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non-related effects of marijuanaa. acute marijuana intoxication
conjunctival reddening of the eyes
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non-related effects of marijuanaa. acute marijuana intoxication
- low-dose slight increase in blood pressure
- high dose slight decrease in blood pressure
- blurred vision
- headaches
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non-related effects of marijuana
b. chronic marijuana use
- pulmonary function impaired
- risk factors for lung cancer
- reproductive functioning imparied ?
- immune responses?
- affects chromosomes?
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orally , schedule 3
THC is available for medical use in ........ (as a schedule ..... controlled substance )
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phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine
most profound effects in both of these is profound anethesia
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dissociative anesthetic , awake, disconnected
this term is utilized because the patient aneshetized with a drig in this class are ,,,,, but appear ...... from the enviornment
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Sernylyn
for this reason the drug company that developed ....withdrew it from the market expect for veterinary purposes
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stereospecific
.......binding sites for PCP have been noted
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kappa opiod receptor agonist
pcp may also be a .....
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enhace serotonergic activity partically be inhibiting 5 Ht reuptake
high doses of PCP can ...
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peripherally , sympathomimetic effects
..... pcp has ....effects
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3 days
pcp has a relatively long plasma halflife how many days
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Ketamine
after noting the many side effects of PCP chemist synthesized this. it was found to have the most therapeutic value as an anesthetic
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belladonna alkaloids, (atropa belladonna)
the drugs are often called ..... ...... because at one time women used these compounds (..... .......) to dilate their pupils and enhance their beauty
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over the counter (OTC)
in addition to their CNS effects anticholinergic drugs exert a number of peripheral effects that led to their being included in a variety of ....... medications
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atropine (dilation of pupils) scopolamine (motion sickness) and l-hyoscyamine
the three most common anticholinergic compounds are
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