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What does Benign mean?

altered cell growth that is harmless
Define malignant cell growth?

Cancer
Which type of cells divide throughout the life span?
- Skin
- Hair
- Mucous
- Lungs
- Stomach
- Bladder
Which type of cells stop growing by cell division after development is complete?

Heart
Define Hypertrophy?

Growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell
What is Hyperplasia?

growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging the number of cells
What is any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues?

Neoplasia
Name 2 reasons why cells divide or undergo mitosis?
- To develop normal tissue
- To replace lost or damaged normal tissue
Define apoptosis?
- Programmed cell death
- Cells have a finite life span
Morphology is defined as?

the feature in which each normal cell type has a distict and recognizable apperarance, size, and shape
How much of the space the nucleus is taking up of the cell?

Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
What is contact inhibition?

Stopping of further rounds of cell division when the surrounded and touched by other cells
What are the features of normal cells?
- Slow cell division
- Specific morphologic features
- Small Nuclear-cytoplasmic ration
- Many differentiated functions
- Tight adherence
- Nonmigratory
- Well regulated growth
- Diploid chromosomes
- Low mitotic index
Features of Embryonic cell division?
- Rapid and continous cell division
- Anaplastic morphology
- Large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- No specific functions yet
- Loose adherence
- Migratory
- Well regulated cell growth
- Contact inhibition
- Diploid chromosomes
- High mitoic index
What is pluripotency?
- The unlimited potententioal
- of embryonic celss o mature into any body cell
Commitment?

when early embryonic cells start changing into differentiated cells
Features of benign tumor cells?
- Continuous or inappropriate cell growth
- Specific morphologic features
- Small nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- Many differentiated functions
- Tight adherence
- Nonmigratory
- Expansion growth
- Diploid chromosomes
- Low mitotic index
What is expansion growth?

It increasesthe size by increasing the number of cells
Features of cancer cells?
- Rapid or continuous cell division
- Anaplastic appearance
- Large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- Some or no differentiated functions
- Loose adherence
- Migratory
- No contact inhibition
- abnormal chromosomes (Aneuploid)
What does metastasize mean?

To spread cancer from the main tumor site to many other sites
What does aneuploid mean?

more or fewer than 23 chromosomes pairs
What is another name for cancer?
- Carcinogenesis
- Oncogenesis
Define malignant transformation?

The process of changing a nomal cell into a cancer cell
The 4 phases of malignant transformation?
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
- Metastasis
Initiation is caused by what?

Carcinogenesis caused by damage to the gene
Define carcinogen?

Substances that change the activity of a cell's genes so that they cell becomes a cancer cell
3 types of Carcinogens?
- Chemicals
- Physical agents
- Viruses
Define promotion?

The enhancement of growth of initaited cancer cell
What are promoter's?

Substances that promote or enhance growth of an initiated cancer cell
When is the latency period?

The time between initiation and the development of a tumor
Define Progression?

The continued change of a cancer, making it more malignant over time
What does metastasize mean?

To spread cancer from the main tumor site to many other sites
Bloodborne metastasis?

when tumor cells relese intothe blood
Common metastasis sites for breast cancer?
- Bone
- Lung
- Liver
- Brain
Common metastasis sites for Lung Cancer?
- Brain
- Bone
- Liver
- Lymph nodes
- Pancrease
Common metastasis sites for colorectal cancer?
- Liver
- Lymph nodes
- Adjacent structures
Common metastasis sites for Prostate cancer?
- Bone (spine, legs)
- Pelvic nodes
Common metastasis sites for (Melanoma) skin cancer?
- GI tract
- Lymph nodes
- Lung
- Brain
Common metastasis sites for Pimary Brain cancer?

Central nervous system
How is cancer classified?

By type of tissue from which they arise
2 types of cancer categories?
- Solid
- Hematologic
Where do solid tumors come from?
- Specific tissue like:
- breast tissue
- lung tissue
Where do hemotologic tumors come from?
- Blood forming tissue
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
What is grading?
- Classifies cellular differentiaion aspect of the cancer
- G4 is a high grade tumor
What is a high-grade tumor?
- Aggressive
- Spreads rapidly
- Do not look like the tissue from which it arises
What is Ploidy?
- It classifies tumor chromosomes as normal or abnormal
- Euploid or Aneuploid
What is Staging?

Classifies clinical aspect of the cancer
Name 2 physical agents ths cause cancer?
- Radiation
- Chronic irritation
The 2 types of radiation than cause cancer?
- Ionizing
- Ultraviolet
Ionizing radiation is found in which elements?
- Radon
- Uranium
- X-ray
- Soil
- Radium
What are forms of UV Radiation?
- Solar (Sun)
- Tanning bred
- Germicidal lights
What is an oncovirus?
- A virus that causes cancer by:
- Breaking the DNA chain
- Inserting their own genetic material
- Mutate the cell's DNA
Name cancers associated with a known viral origin?
- Epstein-barr
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- HPV
Name personal factors of cancer development?
- Age
- Gender
- Immune function
The seven warning signs of cancer?
- C = changes in bowel or bladder habit
- A = a sore that does not heal
- U = unusual bleeding or discharge
- T = thickening or lump in the breast
- I = ingestion or difficulty swallowing
- O = obvious change in wart or mole
- N = nagging cough or hoarseness
Primary prevention for cancer?

Prevents actual occurance of cancer
Secondary Prevention

Use of screening for cancer
How does the immune sytem protect the body from cancer?
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Helper T-cells
- Natural killer cells

Author

Anonymous

51648

Card Set

dmrn105l

Description

cancer cells

Updated

2010-11-25T17:58:12Z

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