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Clever Hans Experiment background
- horse: Clever Hans
- owner: William Von Osten
- psychologist: Pfungst
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Clever Hans Experiment story
- horse could do math
- Pfungst very skeptical
- Pfungst controlled conditions between horse & owner
- horse failed
- Pfungst needed empirical proof
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pseudopsychology
false psychology
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psychology
scientific study of mental processes & behavior
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greek philosopher's goals
quest for knowledge & understanding
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plato
- believed knowledge is innate
- brain is seat of mental processes
- quest for perfect knowledge
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aristotle
- did not believe in innate ideas
- heart is seat of mental processes
- environment brings everything out
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Rene Descartes
- dualism
- brain controlled behavior
- knowledge is innate
- mind & body work together
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dualism
combination of mind and body
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John Locke
- mind at birth is "Tabula Rasa" blank slate
- experience is everything
- nature & nurture
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Charles Darwin
- theory of evolution
- natural selection & survival of the fittest
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theory of evolution
animals had adapted and changed overtime
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Wilhelm Wundt
- structuralism
- "Father of Psychology"
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structuralism
- elements of the mind
- break conscious experience into objective sensations
- record subjective feelings
- developed introspection
- WHAT
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introspection
reporting on one's conscious mental experience
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William James
functionalism
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functionalism
- purpose & function
- consciousness as a stream
- continually flowing
- WHY
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Max Wertheimer
gestalt psychology
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gestalt psychology
- perceptual wholes
- whole is worth more than sum of parts
- Max Wertheimer,Kurt Koffa, Wolfgang Kohler
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John Watson, Rosalie Rayner, BF Skinner
behavorism
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behavorism
- observable events & stimuli
- should not focus on mind because its unobservable
- rewards & punishment
- environment shapes who you are
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Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
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psychoanalysis
- unconscious process
- repressed memories
- early childhood experiences
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biological view
- causes of behavior in functioning of genes, brain, and nervous system
- neuroscience
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neuroscience
understanding how brain creates thoughts, feelings, consciousness, & other thought processes
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Evolutionary View
- Charles Darwin
- individual behavior examined through natural selection
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natural selection
physical characteristics of species change in order to gain competitive advantage
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cognitive view
- mental processes (process info)
- learning, memory, perception, & thinking
- brain = biological computer
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humanistic view
- positive side
- growth
- potential
- free will
- self-actualization
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Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
humanistic view
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sociocultural perspective
- social interaction, social learning, & cultural perspective
- people influence each other
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developmental view
- interaction between genes and experiences
- how we develop
- nature raises you
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trait view
personalities ruled by body fluid
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experimental psychologists
conduct basic research
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basic research
- get info about what you're studying
- establish knowledge
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applied psychologists
use knowledge & apply to field
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clinical psychologist
help people evaluate & treat mental, emotional, & behavioral problems
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counseling psychologist
help people adapt to changes in their lifestyle
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educational psychologist
focus on curriculum & effective teaching
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school psychologist
assess & counsel students, perform behavioral interventions
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developmental psychologist
study people throughout life span
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human-factors psychologist
explore how people & machines interact at home in the workplace to minimize frustration & maximize safety & productivity
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forensic psychologist
apply psychological principles to legal issues
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