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Sensation
dectection of physical energy by sense organs, which then sends info to the brain
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Perception
thr brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs
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Attention
is the taking possession of the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought
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Transduction
the process of converting an external energy or substance into neural activity
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Absolute Threshold
- lowest level of stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time
- dividing line btwn what signal has detectable energy and what signal doesn't
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Difference threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus intensity change required to produce a JND change
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Bottom-up processing
analysis of the stimulus that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind
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Top-down processing
information processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations
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Weber's law
- constant proportional relationship btwn JND and orginal stimuli intesity
- perceiving a difference btwn 2 stimuli, differing by constant %
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Consciousness
- mental state
- is continuum
- attention is a gateway to consciousness
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Functions of attention
- selection
- vigilance
- search
- coordination
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Selection
for focusing (what) on one out of many possible objects or trains of thought
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Vigilance
for maintaining or concentrating on on-going activities
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Search
for seeking information in the environment (external) and in the mind (internal)
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Coordination (resource)
for organizing and managing several simultaneously occurring events or activities & making connections between seemingly unrelated events
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Dichotic Listening Test
sending two different msgs in each ear...
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Attention:
Automatic vs Controlled
- Automactic:
- highly practiced
- unconscious
- not remembered
- fast
- parallel
- Controlled:
- novel
- conscious
- remembered
- slow
- serial
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Cocktail Party Phenomenon
- while being in the midst of many simultaneous converstaions, we are able to attend selectively to one of them
- suggests that attention occurs late
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Subliminal Threshold
refers to stimuli presented below one's absolute threhold (perception/awareness)
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Inattentional Blindness
- refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst
- e.g. change blindess is a type of IB
- failure to perceive an event when out attention is directed elsewhere
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Sensory adaptation
- dimished sensitvity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant stimulation by that stimulus
- nerve cells fire less frequently
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Perceptual constancy
- the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
- shape
- size
- colour
- brightness
- loudness
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Brightness or intensity
- intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes
- the amplitude x2
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Hue
- colour of light
- determined by wavelength
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Accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
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Trichromatic Theory
retina should contain 3 receptors that are sensitive to red, green, blue
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Opponent Process Theory
- 4 primary colours combined in pairs
- red-green
- blue-yellow
- black-white
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Law of...
1) Proximity
2) Good Continuation
3) Common Fate
- elements located closest to each other are perceived as belonging to the same figure
- given 2 or more interpretation of elements that form the outline of the figure
- elements that move together give rise to the perception of a particular figure
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