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what can some species of salmonella cause
some can cause Typhi and enteric fever and some cause Entrocolitis
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what are some characteristics of Salmonella
- Motile
- felagella
- Production of H2S ( S.typhi Less amount)
- Bile resistant
- non lactose fermenter
- surgace antigen ( o,Vi)
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what are some routes of transmission?
- it is strict human pathogen ( typhi, paratyphi)
- high infectious dose
- spread person to person
- mostly contaminated food
- can cause septicemia
- some are zoonotic but can cause disease in human ( s.Entriditis >eggs)
- can cause gasteroentritis, entrocolitis and septecimia
- mostly in hot seasons in outdoor events
- associated with poultry, eggs, diary product, food made on contaminated surface
- childeren <5, Elder >60
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which salmonella infection is carried by asymptomatic carrier?
S.typhi
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what are most salmonelisis caused by?
S.enteritidis and S.typhimerium
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where are most salmonella spp found?
they are mostly in animal feces
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who is at great risk of typhoid fever
returning travelers
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who was the asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever
marry mallon
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what are some clinical manifestation associated with gasteroentritis and entrocolitis
- symptoms are 6 to 8 hrs
- nausea and vomiting
- abdominal pain and non bloody diarrhea
- self limiting
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what are some signs of enteric fever?
- 10 to 14 days incubation period
- weakness and stomach pain, headache and rash
- no diarrhea
- high fever
- can be fatal
- survivors can be asymptomatic
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what are some factors associated with septecimia?
- most common in S.typhi and paratyphi
- people vary in susceptibility
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what are cells in intestinal epithelium?
- M cells antigen sampling
- goblet cell mucin secretion
- paneth cell antibacteria protein secretion
- entrocyte nutrition absorption
- IEL epithelial leucocyte
- DC denderic cell
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what is invasome
specific surface appendage of salmonella, shorter and thicker than pili and only expressed during attachments.
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what mechanism does salmonella use for invasion?
Trigger mechanism
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what is the difference between zipper and trigger mechanism?
zipper induces local changes whereas trigger induce a large scale response.
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what is a TTSS?
it is a multiprotein complex that all entrobacteriea will rely on for virulence. structure resembles syring and it is used to inject virulance factor into host cell.
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what factors contribute to pathogenesis of salmonella?
- endotoxin and LPS
- Invasome and fimbrease
- TTSS
- Multitude of specific virulance factor
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what does SPI 1 do in salmonella?
Important for invasion of entrocytes and encodes for TTSS and protein
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what are some diognostic tools for salmonella?
- Isolation from stool or blood
- Hekton and XLD media > allows growth of salmonella and shigella
- Stereotype > trace origin of outbreak ( O, H, Vi)
- PFGE
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what are some ways to treat gastroentritis ?
- dehydration prevention
- balance electrolyte
- avoid antibiotic to prevent prolonged carrier state
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what are some ways to treat enteric fever and septecemia?
Ampicilin / trimethroprim / sulfamethoxazole/ ciprofloxin ( antibiotic resistance in vitro testing)
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what are some ways to treat typhoid fever?
live attenuated vaccine and polysaccharides vaccine
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