-
distance between a number and zero on the number line
absolute value
-
any compund with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH<7)
acid
-
solutions that have a pH scale vale less than 7
acidic solutions
-
energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur
activation energy
-
verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence
active verb
-
state of a sentence that contains an active verb
active voice
-
increase from generation to generation af alleles of genes that allow a species to survive in their enviroment
adaptation
-
rules that make it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to the other by adding opposites to each expression
addition principle
-
cellular fuel; produce in the mitochondria
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
-
descriptive word that modifies nouns or pronouns
adjective
-
word modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb indicating when, how, where, why or how much
adverb
-
hydrocarbon with only single bonds (CnH2n+2)
alkane
-
hydrocarbon with one double bond (CnH2n)
alkene
-
hydrocarbon with one triple bond
(CnH2n-2)
alkyne
-
two or more different forms of a certain gene
allels
-
structures in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
alveoli
-
building blocks of protein
amino acids
-
a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
anatomical position
-
study of the structure of various organs and body systems
anatomy
-
atom or molecule with a negative change
anion
-
noun that a pronoun refers bact to (replaces)
antecedent
-
toward the front of the body or body structure (opposite of posterior)
anterior
-
protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen
antibody
-
a foreign protein, such as a pathogen, that stimulates antibody production
antigen
-
punctuation mark (') used to indicate possessiveness or the omission of letters or numbers
apostrophe
-
written numbers that use a combination of the whole numbers
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9
Arabic numberals
-
blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
arteries
-
word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite-a, an or definite -the
article
-
smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element
atom
-
number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element
atomic mass
-
number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom
atomic number
-
part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote
attributive tag
-
person or persons who will be reading a piece of writing
audience
-
underlying reason why the author wrote the text
author's intent
-
branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion
autonomic nervous system
-
organism that is able to produce its own food
autotroph
-
part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse
axon
-
type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity
B cell
-
graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as ertical or horizontal, nontouching bars; data is unsually noncontinuous
bar graph
-
any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water (pH>7)
base
-
solutions that have a pH scale value greater than 7
basic solutions
-
opinions or beliefs that affect a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions
biases
-
polynomial that has two terms
binomial
-
two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism; developed by Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature
-
small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
bronchial tubes
-
a common metric unit of energy
(1 calorie =4.2 Joules)
Joule or calories
-
tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body
capillaries
-
substance that control the rate of a chemical reaction
catalyst
-
atom or molecule with a positive charge
cation
-
first pesents an action, then describes the effects that result (or may result) from that action
cause-effect text structure
-
basic unit of all life
cell
-
outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells
cell wall
-
process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate
cellular respiration
-
metric temperature scale defined (at standard pressue) by the melting point of ice (0 C) and the boining point (100 C) of liquid water
Celsius
-
branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
- Central nervous System
- (CNS)
-
microtubule organizing center that helps to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis
centrosome
-
positive or negative distributions within an object
charge
-
evolutionary biologist who studied wild life on the Galapagos Islands in the 1800's and wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he explained adaption and natural selection
Charles Darwin
-
chemical attraction of atoms due to their electon arrangement
chemical bonding
-
dynamic event than alters the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set
chemical reaction
-
release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells
chemotaxis
-
green pigment in plants
chlorophyll
-
organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants; used to carry out photosynthesis
chloroplast
-
one of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another; a pair of matching "sister" chromatids make up the duplicated chromosome
chromatid
-
condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and contain hundreds of genes
chromosomes
-
misture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
chyme
-
tiny haris in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
cilia
-
divide into sectors representing the frequency of an event; sectors total 100%
circle graph
-
tranportation highwah for the entire body (aka cardiovascular system)
circulatory system
-
group of words that re related and contain both a subject and a properly conjugated verb
clause
-
group of three nucleotide on RNA or DNA that encodes for a singel, specific amino acid
codon
-
numerical part of a term
coefficient
-
puntuation mark (:) used to indicate that there is information to follow
colon
-
punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a break or pause within a sentence
comma
-
presents two different cases, usually with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases
comparison-contrast text structure
-
symbol that indicates the cardinal diretion (north, south, east, and west) as they relate to the map
compass-rose
-
sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause
complex sentence
-
two (or more) independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction
compound sentence
-
connects different structures of the body; includes bones, cartilage, adipose tissues (fats), and blood vessels
connective tissue
-
quantity that does not change; it's what students refer to as "number" such as 8,-3,1/2,1/4, 0.45 etc.
constant
-
text surrounding a word, phrase, or passage
context
-
words surrounding an unfamiliar word that can help a reder discern the meaning of the unfamiliar word
context clues
-
words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal; in Englis, there are only seven, and they may be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS (for,and,nor,but,or,yet and so)
coordinating conjuctions
-
sharing of electrons between atoms
covalent
-
series of fols formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
cristae
-
reading style where the reader carefully analyzes the text, judging its credibility and the author's intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as facts
critical reading
-
number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year
crude birth rate
-
number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
crude death rate
-
atoms arranged in a hightly ordered state
crystalline order
-
contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers; modifiers may be adjectives, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses
cumulative sentence
-
chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissue
cytokines
-
division and separation of the cytoplasm form one cell into two new cells; is accomplished by pinching off the cell membrane to form two cells while simultaneously synthesizing an additional membrane to help in the process; begins in late anaphase and comples in telophase
cytokinesis
-
rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles
cytoplasm
-
items that are subtracted from a beginning salary (i.e., state taxes, federal taxes, health insurance, anr retirement contributions)
deductions
-
method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle
deductive reasoning
-
away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)
deep
-
exponent or sum of exponents of the variables of a term
degree
-
branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli
dendrites
-
b in the fraction a/b
denominator
-
ratio of mass per volume for a substance
density
-
group of words containing a subject with a properly conjugated verb that is made dependent or incomplete because of the addition of a subordinating conjuction
dependent clause
-
depends on another variable
dependent variable
-
passage of text that describes or characterizes a person, thing, or idea
description
-
process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines
diapedesis
-
dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing
diaphragm
-
molecule consisting of two atoms
diatomic molecule
-
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
digestion
-
manufactures enzymes that break down food so that nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use through the body; consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion, breakdown, and processing of food
digestive system
-
containing two sets of chromosomes
diploid cell
-
writing that reflects someone's exact words, often with an attributive tag, suing quotation marks
direct dialogue (or direct discourse)
-
noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the question whom or what
direct object
-
away form the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposit of proximal)
distal
-
information in the legend that tells the reader how to interpret distances on a map
distance scale
-
property that removes parentheses in an expression, such as a(x+y)=ax+ay
distributive property
-
quantity to be divided
dividend
-
quantitiy by which another quantity is divided
divisor
-
a molecule that exists as a double-strand helix made from sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
- DNA
- (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
dorsal body cavity
-
first section of the small intesting
duodenum
-
glands and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord
effectors
-
use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule
electrolysis
-
waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields; wavers are members of a spectrum, a continuum of wavelengths rangeing form very short to very long
elecromagnetic waves
-
ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
electronegativity
-
negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus
electrons
-
substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary cheical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus
element
-
punctuation mark (...) used to indicate a pause or omission of material
ellipsis
-
early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization
embryo
-
act of an individual moving out of ones region or country to live in another
emigration
-
controls body functions; glands in this system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body to regulate processes such as growth and metabolism
endocrine system
-
tubular transport network with the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- (ER)
-
protein catalyst; chemical that changes the reate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbs, and fats into nutrients
enzymes
-
provides covering (skin) or produces secretions (glandular tissue); commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply
epithelial tissue
-
mathematical sentence in which two expressions are set equal to each other
equation
-
approximate value
estimate
-
history of a given word; a word's origin
etymology
-
organism that contains cellular organelles; organism that has cells that contain nuclei (protists, plants, fungi and animals)
eukarya
-
mechanism that inspects a DNA for damage and attempts to repair it
excision repair
-
act of exhaling carbon dioxide from the body
expiration
-
number written as a superscprit that is used to denote the number of times a number should be multiplied by itself
exponent
-
introduces a topic or provides background information for later remarks
expository writing
-
one or more terms consisting of any combination of constants and/or variables
expression
-
information based on real, provable events or situations
fact
-
average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (from the ages of 15 to 44)
fertility rate
-
perspective in which the narrator is the one speaking, evidenced by the use of the first person pronoun I or we
first person point of view
-
long, whip-like structure used for cellular movement in certain prokaryotic cells
flagella
-
acronym that represents the order in which two binomials can be multiplied; stands for first, outer, inner, last
FOIL
-
cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions; coronal section
frontal section
-
cells of reproduction
gametes
-
collection of nerve cell bodies
ganglia
-
specifies male or female gender using words such as he or she; neuter gender words like it do not specify male or female gender, but are rare in English
gendered language
-
portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for an organism's characteristics; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell
gene
-
complete set of DNA for an individual; contains all genes
genome
-
organism's underlying genetic makeup or code
genotype
-
reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
germ cells
-
protein that is roughly spherical in shape
globular protein
-
structure involved in packaging and transporting proteins in the cell
Golgi apparatus
-
greatest number that will divid evenly into two or more numbers
greatest common factor
-
one set of chromosomes
haploid cell
-
titles that preface a section of text; advertise the subject of the text below, making it easier to skim or search for a particular topic; give the text structure
headings
-
organ that rhythmically contracts and pumps blood throughout the body
heart
-
flow of energy due to a difference in temperature
heat
-
amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas
heat of vaporization
-
organism that cannot produce its own food
heterotroph
-
having received different alleles for a particular traits from each parent
heterozygous
-
graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as vertical, touching bars, and data is usually continous
histogram
-
time and place in which a text was written; style and content of a text are part of its historical context
historical context
-
a stable state in which all the needs of a body are met and all of the organs systems are working properly together
homeostasis
-
similar in size and function
homologous
-
having received the same allele for a particular trait from both parents
homozygous
-
compound whose structure is entirely composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms
hydrocarbon
-
punctuatin mark (-) used to connect parts of a word or to joint separate words together
hypen
-
possible explanation formulated to answer questions that are being investigated; involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of a problem
hypothesis
-
act of an individual moving into a region or country to live
immigration
-
tissues, cells and organs that work htogehter to fight off illness and disease
immune system
-
fraction whose numerator is breater that is denominator
improper fraction
-
dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype
incomplete dominance
-
clause that has a complete meaning
independent clause
-
does not depend on another variable; affects the dependent variable
independent variable
-
listing of important names, ideas, and topics from the publications, along with page numbers (or links to those items); traditionally appears at the end of the publication
index
-
writing that reflects the idea of someone else's words but does not quote them directly
indirect dialogue (or indirect discourse)
-
arriving at general principles from specific facts
inductive reasoning
-
mathematical sentence in which one expression may not be equal to another expression
inequality
-
logical conclusiong or next step; inferred conclusion not actually written in the text, but deduced by the reader, based on information that is in the text
inference
-
toward the lower end of the body or body structure (opposite of superior)
inferior
-
act of breathing in oxygenated air
inspiration
-
protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature; serves as a barrier to pathogens; consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails
integumentary systems
-
protein that inhibits the reproduction of a virus
interferon
-
between the medial and lateral aspects of the body or body structure
intermediate
-
process that occurs prior to mitosis; occurs when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division
interphase
-
positively ro negatively charged atom
ion
-
electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
ionic
-
any real number that cannot be written as a fraction
irrational number
-
atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons
isotope
-
a common metric unit of energy (1 calorie = 4.2 J)
Joules
-
metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 Kelvin = -273C, the temperature at which molecular motion ceases)
Kelvin
-
the energy in motion
kinetic energy
-
heat per mass needed for a phase change at a constant temperature
latent heat
-
toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite of medial)
lateral
-
is a system is closed, the total amount of energy in the system does not change; however, energy can be changed from one form to another
Law of Conservation of Energy
-
smallest common multiple of the denominators; the LCD of two fractions is the least number that both denominators divid into evenly
- least common denominator
- (LCD)
-
small portion of a map devoted to explaining the symbols and notations used in the main portion of the map
legend
-
white blood cells
leukocytes
-
symbolic representation of covalent bonding bwtween atoms
Lewis structure
-
distance that light will travel within a year
light year
-
terms that have the same variable and the same exponent associated with that variable
like terms
-
shows change over time; compares the relationship between two or more quantities
line graph
-
well-reasoned idea that stems from the information in the text, not from the reader's personal ideas or biases
logical conclusion
-
contains an independent clause followed by a parallel sting of modifiers; modifiers may be adjective, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses
loose sentence or commulative sentence
-
paired organs that take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
lungs
-
supporst the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes; returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels
lymphatic system
-
Latin work for break; used in biology and chemistry to mean rupture or destruction of the cell membrane, a cell structure, or a molecule
lyse
-
organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
lysosome
-
specific message of a writing
main idea
-
quantity of matter within an object
mass
-
total number of protons and neutrons found within that nucleus of an atom matter anything that takes up space and has mass
mass number
-
toward the middle of the body or body structure (opposite of lateral)
medial
-
process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
meiosis
-
chemical reactions within a cell
metabolic pathways
-
chemical reaction in living organisms used to maintain life
metabolism
-
elements that may accept or donate electrons readily; possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties
metalloids
-
elements that readily donate electrons and are good conductors of electricity; donate highly just prior to separation of the chromosomes during mitosis
-
-
disc extending across the nuclear area on which the chromosomes are found at metaphase just prior to separation of chromosomes during mitosis
metaphase plate
-
cellular tracks that form the mitotic spindle during mitosis
microtubules
-
microscopic projections of tissues that make up the villi
microvilli
-
sagittal section made down the median of the body
midsagittal section
-
mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases
mismatch pair
-
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondrion
-
process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original
mitosis
-
number that represents the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction
mixed number
-
group of chemically bonded atoms that possesses characteristics independent of the atoms themselves
molecule
-
polynomial that has only one term
monomial
-
rule that states that the equality of an equation does not change if both sides of an equations are multiplie by the same nonzero number
multiplication principle
-
dedicated to producing movement; three types include skeletal, cardica, and smooth
muscle tissue
-
consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints
muscular system
-
substance that induces mutations
mutagen
-
permanent change in DNA sequence
mutation
-
relates a chain of events or tells a story
narrative writing
-
process in which individuals of species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reporduce in their natural environment than other member of the species (survival of the fittest)
natural selection
-
serves as the body's control system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nervous system
-
structure for the brain, spinal cord, nerves; made up of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
nervous tissue
-
specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit electrical impulses
neurons
-
neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
-
molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
nitrogenous base
-
changing a verb, adverb, or adjective to a noun
nominalization
-
group of words that contain a subject and a properly conjugated verb but does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence
nonrestrictive clause
-
group of words taht does not contain both a subject and a verb and does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence
nonnonrestrictive phrase
-
a word for a person, place, or thing
noun
-
chain of nucleotides
nucleic acid
-
condensed DNA of a cell
nucleoid
-
small body within the nucleus that functions to produce ribosomes that are then moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins
nucleolus
-
molecule that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
-
central region of an atom; large organelle that is the control center of the entire cell
nucleus
-
a in the fraction a/b
numerator
-
noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause to which the preposition refers
object of the preposition
-
belief based on personal judgment, rather than on indisputable facts
opinion
-
arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus
orbital shell
-
denotes the x-coordinate (position of a point along the horizontal axis) and y-coordinate (position of the point along the vertical axis) on a graph, writeen (x,y)
ordered pair
-
two or mire tissue types that work together to perform a specific funtion
organ
-
group of organs in an organism working together to perform a specific function
organ system
-
-
study of the structure and properties of carbon compounds
organic chemistry
-
living body made up of several organ systems
organsim
-
electron donation by a chemical group that leaves teh group with one less electron and a more positive charge
oxidation
-
group of sentences that form a cohesive whole due to a similar topic or theme
paragraph
-
branch of the atonomic nervous system that is ative when a person is eating or at rest
parasympathetic nerve
-
punctuation mark () used to indicate interjectory, explanatory, or qualifying material; they always come in pair
parentheses
-
comprised of be plus a past participle that shifts the action of a sentence from the subject to the object
passive verb
-
state of a sentence that contains a passive verb
passive voice
-
any disease-causing agent
pathogen
-
-
ratio whose denominator is 100; per 100
percent
-
pore-forming protein
perforin
-
independent clause is delayed until the end of the sentence and is often preceded by parallel strings of modifiers
periodic sentence
-
branch of the nervous system that extends outside of the central nervous system and consists of the cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nervous system
-
rhythmic contractions of the stomach and intestines that propel food toward the colon and anus
peristalsis
-
organelle used to rid the body of toxic components
peroxisome
-
writing intended to change the reader's mind or form the reader's opinions on a particular topic
persuasive writing
-
measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; the scale used to measure the strength of acidic solutions;
pH
-
chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually acidity (color change)
pH indicator
-
engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
phagocytosis
-
alteration of the physical state of a substance between a solid, liquid, and gas
phase transition
-
physical expression of genetic traits
phenotype
-
molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
phosphate group
-
process carried out by green plants, green allgae, and certain bacteria, in which the energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose
photosynthesis
-
group of words that are related but do not contain a verb and a subject together
phrase
-
physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that does not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules)
physical bonding
-
study of the function of the various organs and body systems
physiology
-
divided into sectors representing the frequency of an event; sectors total 100%
circle graph or pie chart
-
small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid
plasmid
-
perspective from which an author writes
point of view
-
possesses both positive and negative regions
polar molecule
-
term or combination of terms
polynomial
-
used to indicate ownership
possessive pronoun
-
toward the back of the body or body structures (opposite of anterior)
posterior
-
stored energy
potential energy
-
group of letters added to the beginning of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning
prefix
-
words such as by, at, to, and from that give additional information, usually in relationship to something else
preposition
-
firsthand record of events, theories, oinions, or actions; either published or unpublished documents, recordings, or artifacts that are contemporary to the events, people, or information that is at issue
primary source
-
presents a problem or question, and then responds with a solution or answer
problem-solution text structure
-
substances formed as the result of chemical reactions
products
-
single-celled organism lacking defined cellular organelles or a nucleus
prokaryote
-
word that replaces a noun
pronoun
-
fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator
proper fraction
-
two ratios that are set equal to each other
proportion
-
compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bonds called a peptide bond
protein
-
positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
proton
-
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of distal)
proximal
-
graphical way to show all possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes
Punnentt square
-
nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine)
purine
-
main reason or intent for writing a particular piece
purpose of a passage
-
muscule that separates the stomach from the duodenum and slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)
pyloric sphincter
-
nitrogenous base with one ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil)
pyrimidine
-
relating to numbers
quantitative
-
punctuation marks ("") used to indicate the exact phrasing of material or to show dialogue; always comes in pairs
quotation marks
-
c in the equation a + b = c
quotient
-
speed at which something changes
rate of change
-
relationship between two quantities
ratio
-
any real number that can be written as a fraction
rational number
-
substances consumed or altered in a chemical reaction
reactants
-
any number on the number line
real number
-
the multiplicative inverse of a number; a/b is b/a
reciprocal
-
electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group
reduction
-
automatic response to a stimulus that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn send a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain
reproductive system
-
organ system that provides for air exchange by supplying tissue with oxygenated blood and removing carbon dioxide
resiratory system
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organelle responsible for synthesizing protein within the cell from amino acids
ribosome
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single-stranded molecule made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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written numbers that use a combination of M, D, C, L, X, V, and I
Roman numerals
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a word in its simplest form before any affixes are attached
root word
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cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal section
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neutral products of an anion and a cation
salt
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chemical structure composed entirely of single bonds
saturated hydrocarbon
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any standard instrument that has marking at established intervals
scale
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perspective in which the writer directly addreses the reader using the pronoun you
second-person point of view
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process of moving proteins outside of the cell
secretion
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punctuation mark (;) used to indicate division between equal elements in a sentence
semicolon
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neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
sensory neurons
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part of the peripheral nervous system that consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and associated ganglia; controls voluntary actions of the body
sensory-somatic nervous system
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ordered list of thoughts or ideas
sequence
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contains only one independent clause and no dependent clauses
simple sentence
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has no common factors between the numerator and the denominator except for the number 1 (a reduced faction)
simplified fraction
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supports and protects the body and its organs; supplies a framwork that, when used in conjuction with the muscles, creates movment; serves as sotrage for minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus; consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joint
skeletal system
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energy required to raise one unit of mass in a substance by 1 degree C
specific heat
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can divide and remain undifferentiated; gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells
stem cell
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oversimplified opinions about an entire group of people or things that do not account for individual differences
stereotypes
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change in the environment that triggers a physical response
stimulus
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heading that appears below other headings; appears in smaller typeface than headings, so that they may easily be distinguished; single heading may have many subheadings, and these subheadings may have their own subheadings
subheadings
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noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb in a sentence; if a sentence contains a verb of beith or a linking verb such as be, feel, become, or look, the subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun being described
subject
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word that joins two or more clauses and makes the clause that contains it dependent on another clause, and therfore of slightl less importance; there are many subordinating conjuctions, but some common ones are because, though, although, while, if and as if
subordinating conjuction
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molecule acted upon by an enzyme
substrate
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group of letters added to the end of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning
suffix
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recaps the essential point(s) of a paragraph, or of a larger work, such as an essay; gives the reader the take-away message for the paragraph, or for the larger work
summary sentence
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toward or at the body surface (opposite of deep)
superficial
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toward the upper end of the body or body structure (opposite of inferior)
superior
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examples and details that explain the topic of a paragraph; follows the topic sentence
support
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details that explain the main idea
supporting details
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branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated when a person is excited or scared
sympathetic nerve
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fluid-filled gap that connects the axon of one nerve cell with the cell body of another
synapse
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lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity
T-cells
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listing of a publication's chapters, sections, or other organizational units; includes page numbers (Web documents may have links to the various sections)
table of contents
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money received after deductions are subtracted from the beginning salary
take-home pay
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classification of organism into universally accepted taxons; names reflect the organism's evolutionary heritage
taxonomy
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writing that passes along specific information or knowledge in a formal or standardized way
technical writing
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constant, variable, or product of a constant and a variable
term
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formatting that serves a consistent purpose in a document; add meaning to the text that they modify, change the text's meaning, or add structure and clarity to the document
text features
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way of organizing text to better present thoughts or ideas; includes sequence, problem-solution, comparison-contrast, description, and cause-effect
text structure
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subjects that a written work frequently touches upon
themes
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perspective in which the narrator is distranced from the story and tells it as an outsider; third-person pronouns such as he, she, or they
third-person point of view
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collection of cells in an organism that have a similar function and structure
tissue
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general subject matter covered by a writing
topic
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generally at or near the beginning of a paragraph; gives the topic or point of athe paragrph and often explains that topic in relation to the overall theme of the writing
topic sentence
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airway that connects the larynx to teh bronchial tubes; also known as windpipes
trachea
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process of cells copying the instruction from the DNA into the RNA
transcription
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smmoth movement from one idea to the next, from one sentence to the next, or from one paragraph to the next; transition words may include additionally, finally, similarly, next, however, and furthermore
transition
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process of protein reduction from messenger RNA
translation
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cut made along a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions; cross section
transverse section
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temperature and pressure at which a substance will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas
triple-point
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a chemical molecule containing at least one double of triple bond
unsaturated hydrocarbons
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helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood; removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
urinary system
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inactivated form of a pathogen that stimulates the body to produce antibodies for future protection
vaccine
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basic storage unit of a cell that can hold various compounds
vacuole
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electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
valence electrons
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unknown quantity in an expression or equations
variable
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blood vessels that trasport unoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart
veins
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contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; the diaphram divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm);below the diaphram are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
ventral body cavity
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word that shows an action or state of being
verb
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word that is sometimes used as a verb but is currently being used as another part of speech
verbal
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small membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm used to transport proteins or other substances in and out of a cell
vesicles
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finger-like projections in the mucosa of the small intestine lining; produce a pleated appearance; each villus is supplied with blood and has lymphatic vessels for absorption
villi
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nonzero, positve interger (0,1,2,3,4,5,6, etc)
whole numbers
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way in which the parts of a word ar arranged together
word structure
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result of any change in energy
work
-
mass of cells formed after an egg is fertilized and begins dividing
zygote
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XXXX or XL
roman numeral 40
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LXXXX or XC
roman numeral 90
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