April5Shannon

distance between a number and zero on the number line

any compund with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH<7)

solutions that have a pH scale vale less than 7

energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur

verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence

state of a sentence that contains an active verb

increase from generation to generation af alleles of genes that allow a species to survive in their enviroment

rules that make it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to the other by adding opposites to each expression

cellular fuel; produce in the mitochondria

descriptive word that modifies nouns or pronouns

word modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb indicating when, how, where, why or how much

hydrocarbon with only single bonds (CnH2n+2)

hydrocarbon with one double bond (CnH2n)

hydrocarbon with one triple bond
(CnH2n-2)

two or more different forms of a certain gene

structures in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

building blocks of protein

a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward

study of the structure of various organs and body systems

atom or molecule with a negative change

noun that a pronoun refers bact to (replaces)

toward the front of the body or body structure (opposite of posterior)

protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen

a foreign protein, such as a pathogen, that stimulates antibody production

punctuation mark (') used to indicate possessiveness or the omission of letters or numbers

written numbers that use a combination of the whole numbers
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9

blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite-a, an or definite -the

smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element

number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element

number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom

part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote

person or persons who will be reading a piece of writing

underlying reason why the author wrote the text

branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion

organism that is able to produce its own food

part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse

type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity

graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as ertical or horizontal, nontouching bars; data is unsually noncontinuous

any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water (pH>7)

solutions that have a pH scale value greater than 7

opinions or beliefs that affect a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions

polynomial that has two terms

two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism; developed by Carolus Linnaeus

small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs

a common metric unit of energy
(1 calorie =4.2 Joules)

tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body

substance that control the rate of a chemical reaction

atom or molecule with a positive charge

first pesents an action, then describes the effects that result (or may result) from that action

basic unit of all life

outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells

process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate

metric temperature scale defined (at standard pressue) by the melting point of ice (0 C) and the boining point (100 C) of liquid water

branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

microtubule organizing center that helps to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis

positive or negative distributions within an object

evolutionary biologist who studied wild life on the Galapagos Islands in the 1800's and wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he explained adaption and natural selection

chemical attraction of atoms due to their electon arrangement

dynamic event than alters the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set

release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells

green pigment in plants

organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants; used to carry out photosynthesis

one of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another; a pair of matching "sister" chromatids make up the duplicated chromosome

condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and contain hundreds of genes

misture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach

tiny haris in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs

divide into sectors representing the frequency of an event; sectors total 100%

tranportation highwah for the entire body (aka cardiovascular system)

group of words that re related and contain both a subject and a properly conjugated verb

group of three nucleotide on RNA or DNA that encodes for a singel, specific amino acid

numerical part of a term

puntuation mark (:) used to indicate that there is information to follow

punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a break or pause within a sentence

presents two different cases, usually with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases

symbol that indicates the cardinal diretion (north, south, east, and west) as they relate to the map

sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause

two (or more) independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction

connects different structures of the body; includes bones, cartilage, adipose tissues (fats), and blood vessels

quantity that does not change; it's what students refer to as "number" such as 8,-3,1/2,1/4, 0.45 etc.

text surrounding a word, phrase, or passage

words surrounding an unfamiliar word that can help a reder discern the meaning of the unfamiliar word

words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal; in Englis, there are only seven, and they may be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS (for,and,nor,but,or,yet and so)

sharing of electrons between atoms

series of fols formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

reading style where the reader carefully analyzes the text, judging its credibility and the author's intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as facts

number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year

number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

atoms arranged in a hightly ordered state

contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers; modifiers may be adjectives, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissue

division and separation of the cytoplasm form one cell into two new cells; is accomplished by pinching off the cell membrane to form two cells while simultaneously synthesizing an additional membrane to help in the process; begins in late anaphase and comples in telophase

rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles

items that are subtracted from a beginning salary (i.e., state taxes, federal taxes, health insurance, anr retirement contributions)

method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle

away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)

exponent or sum of exponents of the variables of a term

branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli

b in the fraction a/b

ratio of mass per volume for a substance

group of words containing a subject with a properly conjugated verb that is made dependent or incomplete because of the addition of a subordinating conjuction

depends on another variable

passage of text that describes or characterizes a person, thing, or idea

process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines

dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing

molecule consisting of two atoms

mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods

manufactures enzymes that break down food so that nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use through the body; consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion, breakdown, and processing of food

containing two sets of chromosomes

writing that reflects someone's exact words, often with an attributive tag, suing quotation marks

noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the question whom or what

away form the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposit of proximal)

information in the legend that tells the reader how to interpret distances on a map

property that removes parentheses in an expression, such as a(x+y)=ax+ay

quantity to be divided

quantitiy by which another quantity is divided

a molecule that exists as a double-strand helix made from sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

first section of the small intesting

glands and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord

use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields; wavers are members of a spectrum, a continuum of wavelengths rangeing form very short to very long

ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself

negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus

substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary cheical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus

punctuation mark (...) used to indicate a pause or omission of material

early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization

act of an individual moving out of ones region or country to live in another

controls body functions; glands in this system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body to regulate processes such as growth and metabolism

tubular transport network with the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs

protein catalyst; chemical that changes the reate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbs, and fats into nutrients

provides covering (skin) or produces secretions (glandular tissue); commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply

mathematical sentence in which two expressions are set equal to each other

approximate value

history of a given word; a word's origin

organism that contains cellular organelles; organism that has cells that contain nuclei (protists, plants, fungi and animals)

mechanism that inspects a DNA for damage and attempts to repair it

act of exhaling carbon dioxide from the body

number written as a superscprit that is used to denote the number of times a number should be multiplied by itself

introduces a topic or provides background information for later remarks

one or more terms consisting of any combination of constants and/or variables

information based on real, provable events or situations

average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (from the ages of 15 to 44)

perspective in which the narrator is the one speaking, evidenced by the use of the first person pronoun I or we

long, whip-like structure used for cellular movement in certain prokaryotic cells

acronym that represents the order in which two binomials can be multiplied; stands for first, outer, inner, last

cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions; coronal section

cells of reproduction

collection of nerve cell bodies

specifies male or female gender using words such as he or she; neuter gender words like it do not specify male or female gender, but are rare in English

portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for an organism's characteristics; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell

complete set of DNA for an individual; contains all genes

organism's underlying genetic makeup or code

reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

protein that is roughly spherical in shape

structure involved in packaging and transporting proteins in the cell

greatest number that will divid evenly into two or more numbers

one set of chromosomes

titles that preface a section of text; advertise the subject of the text below, making it easier to skim or search for a particular topic; give the text structure

organ that rhythmically contracts and pumps blood throughout the body

flow of energy due to a difference in temperature

amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas

organism that cannot produce its own food

having received different alleles for a particular traits from each parent

graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as vertical, touching bars, and data is usually continous

time and place in which a text was written; style and content of a text are part of its historical context

a stable state in which all the needs of a body are met and all of the organs systems are working properly together

similar in size and function

having received the same allele for a particular trait from both parents

compound whose structure is entirely composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

punctuatin mark (-) used to connect parts of a word or to joint separate words together

possible explanation formulated to answer questions that are being investigated; involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of a problem

act of an individual moving into a region or country to live

tissues, cells and organs that work htogehter to fight off illness and disease

fraction whose numerator is breater that is denominator

dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype

clause that has a complete meaning

does not depend on another variable; affects the dependent variable

listing of important names, ideas, and topics from the publications, along with page numbers (or links to those items); traditionally appears at the end of the publication

writing that reflects the idea of someone else's words but does not quote them directly

arriving at general principles from specific facts

mathematical sentence in which one expression may not be equal to another expression

logical conclusiong or next step; inferred conclusion not actually written in the text, but deduced by the reader, based on information that is in the text

toward the lower end of the body or body structure (opposite of superior)

act of breathing in oxygenated air

protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature; serves as a barrier to pathogens; consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails

protein that inhibits the reproduction of a virus

between the medial and lateral aspects of the body or body structure

process that occurs prior to mitosis; occurs when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division

positively ro negatively charged atom

electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges

any real number that cannot be written as a fraction

atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons

a common metric unit of energy (1 calorie = 4.2 J)

metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 Kelvin = -273C, the temperature at which molecular motion ceases)

the energy in motion

heat per mass needed for a phase change at a constant temperature

toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite of medial)

is a system is closed, the total amount of energy in the system does not change; however, energy can be changed from one form to another

smallest common multiple of the denominators; the LCD of two fractions is the least number that both denominators divid into evenly

small portion of a map devoted to explaining the symbols and notations used in the main portion of the map

white blood cells

symbolic representation of covalent bonding bwtween atoms

distance that light will travel within a year

terms that have the same variable and the same exponent associated with that variable

shows change over time; compares the relationship between two or more quantities

well-reasoned idea that stems from the information in the text, not from the reader's personal ideas or biases

contains an independent clause followed by a parallel sting of modifiers; modifiers may be adjective, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses

paired organs that take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide

supporst the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes; returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels

Latin work for break; used in biology and chemistry to mean rupture or destruction of the cell membrane, a cell structure, or a molecule

organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts

specific message of a writing

quantity of matter within an object

total number of protons and neutrons found within that nucleus of an atom matter anything that takes up space and has mass

toward the middle of the body or body structure (opposite of lateral)

process by which gametes reduce their DNA content

chemical reactions within a cell

chemical reaction in living organisms used to maintain life

elements that may accept or donate electrons readily; possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties

elements that readily donate electrons and are good conductors of electricity; donate highly just prior to separation of the chromosomes during mitosis

metals

disc extending across the nuclear area on which the chromosomes are found at metaphase just prior to separation of chromosomes during mitosis

cellular tracks that form the mitotic spindle during mitosis

microscopic projections of tissues that make up the villi

sagittal section made down the median of the body

mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases

powerhouse of the cell

process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original

number that represents the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction

group of chemically bonded atoms that possesses characteristics independent of the atoms themselves

polynomial that has only one term

rule that states that the equality of an equation does not change if both sides of an equations are multiplie by the same nonzero number

dedicated to producing movement; three types include skeletal, cardica, and smooth

consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints

substance that induces mutations

permanent change in DNA sequence

relates a chain of events or tells a story

process in which individuals of species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reporduce in their natural environment than other member of the species (survival of the fittest)

serves as the body's control system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

structure for the brain, spinal cord, nerves; made up of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body

specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit electrical impulses

neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells

changing a verb, adverb, or adjective to a noun

group of words that contain a subject and a properly conjugated verb but does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence

group of words taht does not contain both a subject and a verb and does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence

a word for a person, place, or thing

chain of nucleotides

condensed DNA of a cell

small body within the nucleus that functions to produce ribosomes that are then moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins

molecule that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

central region of an atom; large organelle that is the control center of the entire cell

a in the fraction a/b

noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause to which the preposition refers

belief based on personal judgment, rather than on indisputable facts

arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus

denotes the x-coordinate (position of a point along the horizontal axis) and y-coordinate (position of the point along the vertical axis) on a graph, writeen (x,y)

two or mire tissue types that work together to perform a specific funtion

group of organs in an organism working together to perform a specific function

tiny organ

study of the structure and properties of carbon compounds

living body made up of several organ systems

electron donation by a chemical group that leaves teh group with one less electron and a more positive charge

group of sentences that form a cohesive whole due to a similar topic or theme

branch of the atonomic nervous system that is ative when a person is eating or at rest

punctuation mark () used to indicate interjectory, explanatory, or qualifying material; they always come in pair

comprised of be plus a past participle that shifts the action of a sentence from the subject to the object

state of a sentence that contains a passive verb

any disease-causing agent

type of sugar

ratio whose denominator is 100; per 100

pore-forming protein

independent clause is delayed until the end of the sentence and is often preceded by parallel strings of modifiers

branch of the nervous system that extends outside of the central nervous system and consists of the cranial and spinal nerves

rhythmic contractions of the stomach and intestines that propel food toward the colon and anus

organelle used to rid the body of toxic components

writing intended to change the reader's mind or form the reader's opinions on a particular topic

measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; the scale used to measure the strength of acidic solutions;

chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually acidity (color change)

engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells

alteration of the physical state of a substance between a solid, liquid, and gas

physical expression of genetic traits

molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

process carried out by green plants, green allgae, and certain bacteria, in which the energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose

group of words that are related but do not contain a verb and a subject together

physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that does not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules)

study of the function of the various organs and body systems

divided into sectors representing the frequency of an event; sectors total 100%

small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid

perspective from which an author writes

possesses both positive and negative regions

term or combination of terms

used to indicate ownership

toward the back of the body or body structures (opposite of anterior)

stored energy

group of letters added to the beginning of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning

words such as by, at, to, and from that give additional information, usually in relationship to something else

firsthand record of events, theories, oinions, or actions; either published or unpublished documents, recordings, or artifacts that are contemporary to the events, people, or information that is at issue

presents a problem or question, and then responds with a solution or answer

substances formed as the result of chemical reactions

single-celled organism lacking defined cellular organelles or a nucleus

word that replaces a noun

fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator

two ratios that are set equal to each other

compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bonds called a peptide bond

positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of distal)

graphical way to show all possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes

nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine)

main reason or intent for writing a particular piece

muscule that separates the stomach from the duodenum and slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)

nitrogenous base with one ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil)

relating to numbers

punctuation marks ("") used to indicate the exact phrasing of material or to show dialogue; always comes in pairs

c in the equation a + b = c

speed at which something changes

relationship between two quantities

any real number that can be written as a fraction

substances consumed or altered in a chemical reaction

any number on the number line

the multiplicative inverse of a number; a/b is b/a

electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group

automatic response to a stimulus that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn send a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain

organ system that provides for air exchange by supplying tissue with oxygenated blood and removing carbon dioxide

organelle responsible for synthesizing protein within the cell from amino acids

single-stranded molecule made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell

written numbers that use a combination of M, D, C, L, X, V, and I

a word in its simplest form before any affixes are attached

cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts

neutral products of an anion and a cation

chemical structure composed entirely of single bonds

any standard instrument that has marking at established intervals

perspective in which the writer directly addreses the reader using the pronoun you

process of moving proteins outside of the cell

punctuation mark (;) used to indicate division between equal elements in a sentence

neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

part of the peripheral nervous system that consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and associated ganglia; controls voluntary actions of the body

ordered list of thoughts or ideas

contains only one independent clause and no dependent clauses

has no common factors between the numerator and the denominator except for the number 1 (a reduced faction)

supports and protects the body and its organs; supplies a framwork that, when used in conjuction with the muscles, creates movment; serves as sotrage for minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus; consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joint

energy required to raise one unit of mass in a substance by 1 degree C

can divide and remain undifferentiated; gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells

oversimplified opinions about an entire group of people or things that do not account for individual differences

change in the environment that triggers a physical response

heading that appears below other headings; appears in smaller typeface than headings, so that they may easily be distinguished; single heading may have many subheadings, and these subheadings may have their own subheadings

noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb in a sentence; if a sentence contains a verb of beith or a linking verb such as be, feel, become, or look, the subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun being described

word that joins two or more clauses and makes the clause that contains it dependent on another clause, and therfore of slightl less importance; there are many subordinating conjuctions, but some common ones are because, though, although, while, if and as if

molecule acted upon by an enzyme

group of letters added to the end of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning

recaps the essential point(s) of a paragraph, or of a larger work, such as an essay; gives the reader the take-away message for the paragraph, or for the larger work

toward or at the body surface (opposite of deep)

toward the upper end of the body or body structure (opposite of inferior)

examples and details that explain the topic of a paragraph; follows the topic sentence

details that explain the main idea

branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated when a person is excited or scared

fluid-filled gap that connects the axon of one nerve cell with the cell body of another

lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity

listing of a publication's chapters, sections, or other organizational units; includes page numbers (Web documents may have links to the various sections)

money received after deductions are subtracted from the beginning salary

classification of organism into universally accepted taxons; names reflect the organism's evolutionary heritage

writing that passes along specific information or knowledge in a formal or standardized way

constant, variable, or product of a constant and a variable

formatting that serves a consistent purpose in a document; add meaning to the text that they modify, change the text's meaning, or add structure and clarity to the document

way of organizing text to better present thoughts or ideas; includes sequence, problem-solution, comparison-contrast, description, and cause-effect

subjects that a written work frequently touches upon

perspective in which the narrator is distranced from the story and tells it as an outsider; third-person pronouns such as he, she, or they

collection of cells in an organism that have a similar function and structure

general subject matter covered by a writing

generally at or near the beginning of a paragraph; gives the topic or point of athe paragrph and often explains that topic in relation to the overall theme of the writing

airway that connects the larynx to teh bronchial tubes; also known as windpipes

process of cells copying the instruction from the DNA into the RNA

smmoth movement from one idea to the next, from one sentence to the next, or from one paragraph to the next; transition words may include additionally, finally, similarly, next, however, and furthermore

process of protein reduction from messenger RNA

cut made along a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions; cross section

temperature and pressure at which a substance will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas

a chemical molecule containing at least one double of triple bond

helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood; removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body

inactivated form of a pathogen that stimulates the body to produce antibodies for future protection

basic storage unit of a cell that can hold various compounds

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

unknown quantity in an expression or equations

blood vessels that trasport unoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; the diaphram divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm);below the diaphram are the abdominal and pelvic cavities

word that shows an action or state of being

word that is sometimes used as a verb but is currently being used as another part of speech

small membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm used to transport proteins or other substances in and out of a cell

finger-like projections in the mucosa of the small intestine lining; produce a pleated appearance; each villus is supplied with blood and has lymphatic vessels for absorption

nonzero, positve interger (0,1,2,3,4,5,6, etc)

way in which the parts of a word ar arranged together

result of any change in energy

mass of cells formed after an egg is fertilized and begins dividing

II

I

V

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XX

XXX

XXXX or XL

L

LX

LXX

LXXX

C

LXXXX or XC