pysch

an indvidual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thought, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind

in freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personaility that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by pleasure principle

the self-perservation of life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species

the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive

the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principles of the id

In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world

the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of paternal and societal rules.

methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information in the unconscious

occurs when a person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else

occurs when people direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings

occurs when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness

occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development

occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, such as mistreatment by a partner; that they have a problem, such as drinking too much, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion, such as anger

Freud’s psychosexual stages

occurs during the first year of life when babies experience the world through their mouths

ages 2 to 3; when toilet training and control of bodily wastes are the key issues

most crucial stage for the formation of personality: lasts roughly from age 3 to age 5

a conflict occurring in the phallic stage in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as the rival

when the Oedipus complex is resolved, at about 5 or 6 the child’s personality is fundamentally formed and they then stay in the latency stage, in preparation for the genital stage

begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality

In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance

In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance

the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt

a theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior

the most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number

a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality

an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior

a type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits

a projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921

a projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes

a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations

a self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions

the branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations

the study of mental processes people use to make sense out of their social environment

study of effects of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior

the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people

“rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation

the mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics

a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors

the mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior

the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow causes the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it

the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes

a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, of issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or ambivalent

an unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict

a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group

a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group

a social group to which one belongs

a social group to which one does not belong

the tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably

the tendency to adjust one’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure

behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct

the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status

a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress

a phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers

the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort

the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous