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an indvidual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
personaility
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a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thought, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind
free association
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in freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personaility that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by pleasure principle
Id
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the self-perservation of life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species
eros
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the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive
libido
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the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principles of the id
pleasure principle
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In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world
ego
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the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of paternal and societal rules.
superego
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methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
defense mechanisms
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the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information in the unconscious
repression
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occurs when a person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else
projection
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occurs when people direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings
displacement
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occurs when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness
reaction formation
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occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
regression
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occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, such as mistreatment by a partner; that they have a problem, such as drinking too much, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion, such as anger
denial
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Freud’s psychosexual stages
- 1.oral
- 2.anal
- 3.phallic
- 4.latency
- 5.genital
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occurs during the first year of life when babies experience the world through their mouths
oral
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ages 2 to 3; when toilet training and control of bodily wastes are the key issues
anal
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most crucial stage for the formation of personality: lasts roughly from age 3 to age 5
phallic
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a conflict occurring in the phallic stage in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as the rival
oedipus complex
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when the Oedipus complex is resolved, at about 5 or 6 the child’s personality is fundamentally formed and they then stay in the latency stage, in preparation for the genital stage
latency
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begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality
genital
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In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance
conditional positive regard
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In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance
unconditional positive regard
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the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt
self-efficacy
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a theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
trait theory
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personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior
surface traits
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the most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
source traits
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a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
five-factor model of personaility
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an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior
behavioral genetics
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a type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits
porjective test
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a projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921
rorschach inkblot test
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a projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes
thematic apperception test
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a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations
minnestoat multiphasic personality inventory
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a self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions
sixteen personality factor questionnaire
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the branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations
social psychology
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the study of mental processes people use to make sense out of their social environment
social cognition
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study of effects of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior
social influence
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the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people
person perception
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“rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation
social norms
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the mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics
social categorization
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a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors
implicit personality theory
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the mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior
attribution
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the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow causes the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it
blaming the victim
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the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Just-world hypothesis
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the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes
Self-serving bias
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a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, of issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or ambivalent
Attitude
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an unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict
Cognitive dissonance
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a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
Prejudice
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a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group
Stereotype
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a social group to which one belongs
In-group
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a social group to which one does not belong
Out-group
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the tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably
In-group bias
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the tendency to adjust one’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure
Conformity
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behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval
Normative social influence
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behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct
Informational social influence
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the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status
Obedience
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a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress
Bystander apathy
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a phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers
Diffusion of responsibility
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the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort
Social loafing
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the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous
Deindividuation
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