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Pathogenic Bacteria
(2 examples)
Clostridium difficile
Streptococcus pyogenes
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Pathogenic viruses
(2 examples)
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Pathogenic fungus
(2 examples)
- Pneumocystis carinii
- Epidermophyton floccosum
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Pathogenic parasites
(2 examples)
- Trypanosoma brucei
- Schistosoma mansoni
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Epithelium
- layers of keratinized cells,
- first defense against infection
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proteoglycans
heavily glycosylated glycoproteins
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glycosylation
- enzymatic process that links saccharides to produce glycans,
- attached to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules
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Glycoproteins
proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains
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Two parts of innate immune response:
- 1) recognition pathogen is present
- 2) Recruitment of effector mechanisms
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How recognition of pathogen occurs:
soluble proteins and cell-surface receptors that bind to pathogen or altered human cells and proteins
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Effector mechanisms (2):
- Effector cells
- complement proteins
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Cytokines:
soluble proteins that interact with other cells to trigger innate immune response
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Inflammation:
Effect of cytokines
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Endothelium:
specialized epithelium lining blood vessels
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Immunoglobulin:
membrane bound form of antibody
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Antibodies
- gamma globulin glycoproteins found bodily fluids of vertebrates, used by immune system to identify
- and neutralize foreign objects
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B-cells express:
Unique immunoglobulins on their surface
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Light chain, two domains:
- C- constant domain
- V- variable domain
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CDRs:
- Complementarity determining regions, react with antigens
- "hypervariable regions"
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Antibody isotypes (5):
- GAMED:
- IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
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IgG subclasses differ at:
Hinge (IgG1-4)
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IgA in mucosal surfaces:
Dimeric form
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IgM on membrane:
monomeric
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IgM secreted from B-cell:
- Pentameric form,
- initiates cascade of C-reactive proteins
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Antigen:
Any molecule that can be bound by antibody
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Epitope:
"antigenic determinante", region of antigen bound by antibody
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Molecular interactions for antibody/antigen binding:
Hydrogen bond, Ionic bond, van der Waals forces
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