unit 9 metabolism

maintain homeostasis

the absorbtion of nutrients from food

by eating from the 6 major food groups

• they are essential components of the diet
• the body has a significant reserve of fat soluble vitamins,thus u can overdo their intake
• water soluble vitamins are components of coenzymes and are rapidly exchanged between the fluid compartments of the body,because they are excreted from the body rapidly,its difficult to take in to much of them.

• vitamin A
• vitamin D
• vitamin E
• vitamin K

• B1
• B2
• B3
• B5
• B6
• B12
• biotin
• vitamin C

• maintains epithelia,required for synthesis of visual pigment in the eye
• night blindness ,retarded growth

• required for calcium and phosphorus absorption and normal bone growth
• rickets, skeletal deterioration

• prevents breakdown of fatty acids and vitamin A
• anemia

• required for synthesis of blood clotting factors by the liver
• bleeding disorders

• part of enzyme involved in ATP production in the mitochondria
• muscle weakness, cardiovascular problems

• part of enzyme involved in ATP production in the mitochondria
• epithelial and mucosal deterioration

• part of NAD
• CNS, GI, epithelial mucosal deterioration

• part of acetyl-CoA
• retarded growth,CNS disturbances

• part of enzyme involved in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism
• retarded growth,anemia,convulsions

• part of enzyme involved in red blood cell production
• impaired RBC production, perninious anemia

• part of enzyme involved in various metabolic reactions
• fatigue, muscular pain

• enzyme component for collagen synthesis
• epithelial and mucosal deterioration, scurvy

• they are essential components of the diet
• they are inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes

• ions like Na+ and C1- determine osmotic concentrations of the body fluids
• ions in various combinations play major roles in important physiological processes
• ions are essential cofactors in a variety of enzymatic reactions;some needed in large amounts, whereas others only are needed in trace amounts; the body has large mineral reserves

• sodium
• potassium
• chloride
• calcium
• phosphorus
• magnesium

• iodine
• iron
• zinc
• copper
• manganese

major cation (+) in body fluids, essential for normal muscl and nerve function

major cation (+) within cells, essential for normal muscle and nerve function

major anion (-)in body fluids,essential for acid-base balance

Cation (+2), essential for normal muscle and nerve funtion, important mineral in bone

essential for ATP and DNA and bone

enzyme component required fr normal muscle and nerve funtions

component of thyroid hormones,essential for normal metabolism

component of hemoglobin and myoglobin;essential to oxygen transport

component of many enzymes

required for synthesis of hemoglobin, part of some enzymes

component of some enzymes

is the sum total of chemical reactions taking place in the body

• periodic breakdown and replacement of organic components of the cell
• growth and cell division
• special processed such as secretion,contraction, and action potential propagation

large organci molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

• synthesize ATP
• short carbon chains
• fatty acids and glycerol
• amino acids

small molecules are bund together to create larger molecules

• to preform structural maintence or repairs (metabolic turnover)
• to support growth
• to produce seretions (secretory cells st synthesize their prducts)
• to build nutrient reserves (cells store nutrients forwhn they are needed)

• cells earn it throug exergonic (energy relasing) reactions
• they spend it in endergonic (eergy consuming) reactions that drive cellular activities

transfer of a phosphate group alowing chemical reaction to be activated;the 3 phosphates in aro have repulsive negative charges that favor the removal of the last P

by breaking down carbs,especially glucose

produce carbon dioxide and water and of course energy(ATP)

30-38 ATP

• the breaking or lysis of glucose molecule.
• occurs in the cytosol of the cell, produces only a few ATP

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and produces only a few ATP

• occurs in the mitochondrial matrix , inner mitochondrial membrane, and mitochondrial intermembranespace
• and produces many ATP

used as energy transfer molecules. they carry electrons(e-) amd H+ to the electron transport chain to optimize the production of ATP

• when they carry: NADH and FADH2
• when they dont: NAD+ and FAD

• 1. ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose
• 2. glucose is converted to fructose
• 3. 1 ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose
• 4. fructose is cleaved into two molecules
• 5. 1 NAD combines with an e- and an H+ to get 1NADH
• 6. 1 ATP is produced
• 7. molecules are rearranged to produce 1 ATP and 1 pyruvate.

• 1. the acetyl compound is dropped off by CoA into the CAC
• 2. the acetyl compound combines with oxaloacetate and the resulting carbon is rearranged as it goes around the CAC
• 3. the CAC continues as long as pyruvat is available.

anabolic pathway whereby glycogen is formed from many glucose molecules

catabolic pathway from glycogen to glucose

triglycerides can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

can be converted to pyruvic acid and then enter the CAC

fatty acid chains are broken down into 2-carbon fragments in the mitochondrion

because when they are catabolized they will provide large amounts of ATP

lipogenesis

• chylomicrons
• very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
• intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs)
• low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
• high density proteins (HDLs)

thye carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the lymphatic vessels and finally to the blood stream

they contain triglycerides made in the liver plus small quantities of phospholipids and cholesterol; there function is to transport triglycerides to the tissues

smaller amounts of triglycerides than VDLs , and more cholesterol and phospholipids than LDLs

contain cholesterol which is delivered to the tissues and may end up in the plaque of the arteries making it bad cholesterol

they are half lipd and half protein,, the re function is to transport excess choesterol frm peripheral tissues back to the liver for storage or excretion in te bile. its considered good cholesterol because it wont cause circulatory problems

• 100,000
• 140,000

• it is the removal of an amino group;the highly toxic compound ammonia.
• the liver is the priamrt site, the liver cells convert ammonia to nontoxic urea which is excreted in urine

10 of the 20

• it is the period following a meal
• it continues for about 4 hours after a typical meal

insulin because it stimulates increased glucose uptake and utilizaion

it regulates glucose and amino acid levels

adipocytes (fat cells) remove fatty acids and glycerol from the bloodstream.

• is when nutrient absorption is not under way and your body has to rely on internal energy reserves to meet its demands
• half the day

high concentrations of ketone bodies occur in the body's fluids when lipids and amino acids are used to generate ATP

the measure of energy used by an individual

• the minimum rate used for the resting awake person
• average is 70 calories per hour or 1680 calories per day
• sex, age, physical condition, and body weight

unit of measure for the energy content of its foods, it is the amount energy stored in te bonds of molecules

• because they store more energy
• 9 calories/gram

4 calories/gram

• byproduct
• metabolism

• heat
• generated

in the hypothalamus

decreased blood flow to the skin,blood shunted to the deep veins of the body

increase in muscle tone increases energy consumption of skeletal muscle

hormones are released that increase metabolic activity in the tissues