Chapter 13

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

strong, white fibrouse tissue; outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of the cranial bones

delicate, cobweblike layer between the dura mater and pia mater

innermost, transparent layer; adheres to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord; contains blood vessels; beyond the spinal cord, forms a slender filament called filum terminale

located between teh dura mater and inside the bony covering of the spinal cord; contains a supporting suchion of fat and other connective tissues (virtually absent around brain)

located between the dura mater and arachnoid mater; contains lubricating serous fluid

located between the arachnoid and pia mater; contains a significant amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

found within the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord

fluid filled spaces within the brain; four ventricles within the brain

one located in each jemisphere of the cerebrum

thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricles

tiny, diamond-shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem

cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons make up a small region of gray matter in the dorsal nerve root

a singel mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorasal and ventral nerve roots join together

bundle of nerve roots extending (along with the filum terminale) from the conus medullaris

clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the reticular formation

oval projection located lateral to the pyrmids

two bulges of white matter located on the ventral side of the medulla; formed by fibers of they pyramidal tracts

reflex center for all spinal reflexes; spinal refleex center are located in the gray matter of the cord

coordination of posture and balance

head and neck movements during visual reflexes

transmit impluses that coordinate body movements and maintenance of posture

maintain posture during movement

voluntary movement on the same side of body

voluntary movements on opposite side of the body

all axons that compose one tract serve one general function

all axons of any one tract originate in the same structure and terminate in the same structure

conduct impulses down the cord from the brain

conduct impulses up the cord to the brain

landmark in midbrain

contains auditory centers

Contains visual center

cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in muscular control

important sensory tracts that pass through the brainstem

sensory tract whose axon terminate in the gray matter of the brainstem

conduct impulses from neuron cell boides located in the cerbellar cortex to neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum

composed of short and long tracts

two of the major tracts present in the white matter of the brainstem

vomiting, coughing, sneezing and so on

contains reflexes mediated by 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th cranial nerves and pneumotaxic centers that help regulate respiration

contains center for certain cranial nerve reflexes

contains more neurons than the rest of the nervous system; second largest part of the brain

internal white matter of the crebellum

conduct impulses to and from the cerebellum; fibers enter or leave by the way of three pairs of peduncles

composed chiefly of tracts into the cerebellum from the medulla and cord

composed almost entirely of tracts into the cerebellum from the pons

composed principally of tracts from dentate nuclei in the cerebellum through the red nucleus of the midbrain to the thalamus

two of the most important groups of nuclei comprising the thalamus; located in posterior region of each lateral mass; play role in processing auditory and visual input

gray matter located just above and on either side of the optic chiasma

located close to the wall of the third ventricle

posterior part of hypothalamus, involved with olfactory sense

the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

outer surface made up of six layers of gray matter

convolutions; some are named: precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampal gyrus

deepter grooves, divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes; four prominent

deepest fissure; divides cerebrum into two hemispheres

groove between fronal and parietal lobes

groove between temporal lobe below and parietal lobes above; island of Reil lies deep in lateral fissure

grooves that separates occipital lobe from parietal lobes

composed of caudate nucleus, internal capsul, and lentiform nucleus

extend from one convolution to a corresponding convolution in the other hemisphere; compose the corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commissure

most numerous cerebral tracts; extend from one convolution to another in the same hemisphere

extension of the sensory spinothalamic tracts and motor corticospinal tracts

regulation of voluntary (conscious) motor control related to posture, walking, and other repetitive movements; possible roles in thinking and learning

islands of gray matter located deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere

cardinal principle about somatic motor pathways; only one final common path, the motor neuron from the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord, conduts impluses to skeletal muscles

also know as corticospinal tract

mushc more complex than pyramidal tracts

set of coordination commands that control the programmed motor activiy mediated by extrapyramidal pathways

unable to perform complex functions

temporary memory lapse or difficulty with complex motor tasks

ultimate regulator of the body; essential to survival

functions are cude touch and pressure sensation

transmit impulses that produce discrimination touch and pressure sensations and kinesthesia

also know as the emotional brain

lesions in speech centers

areas in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

in the gyrus immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus; activates groups of muscles simultaneously

primary somatic motor area; controls individual muscles

sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, and similar perceptions that require complex sensory organs

Primary visual areas

primary auditory area

cheifly somatic motor area; impulses from neurons in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles

mainly general somatic sensory area; receives impulses from receptors activated by heat, cold, and touch stimuli