Chap 15 terminology.txt

severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness

small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst

inflammation of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion, producing a red or pink eye; may be secondary to viral, bacterial or fungal infections or allergy

medial movement of the two eyeballs so that they are both directed at the object being viewed

• measurement of a refractive error
• if D value is negative, it signifies an eye with myopia; when the D value is positive, it signifies an eye with hyperopia

eversion or outward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

• state of normal vision
• in emmetropia, when the eye is at rest, the image is focused directly on the retina

inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

• abnormal overflow of tears
• sometimes caused by blocked tear ducts

• protrusion of one or both eyeballs
• common causes include hyperactive thyroid, trauma and tumor

localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by a bacterial infection; also called stye

• visual distortion of objects
• commonly associated with errors of refraction, retinal disease, choroiditis, detachment of the retina and tumors of the retina or choroid

• impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness
• common causes include cataracts, vitamin A deficiency, certain medications and hereditary causes

involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

edema and hyperemia of the optic disc usually associated with increased intercranial pressure; also called choked disc

• unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
• commonly occurs in such diseases as meningitis, inflammation of the eyes, measles and rubella

loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with the aging process

any disorder of retinal blood vessels

disorder that occcurs in patients with diabetes and is manifested by small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels on the retina, leading to scarring and eventual loss of vision

chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis common in the southwestern United States that typically leads to blindness

area within which objects may be seen when the eye is in a fixed position

• complete deafness; also called anacusia
• may be unilateral or bilateral. Should not be confused with hearing loss. Hearing loss refers to impairment in hearing and the individual may be able to respond to auditory stimuli including speech

blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)

• inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process
• may lead to progressive vertigo

• disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing
• characterized by vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus

condition caused by the destruction of the hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, caused by sounds that are "too long, too loud or too close"

• infection of the external auditory canal
• common causes include exposure to water when swimming, bacterial or fingal infections, seborrhea, eczema and chronic conditions such as allergies

• impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also call presbyacusia
• usually can hear low tones but not high tones; irreversible

• tubes that are inserted through the tympanic membrane, commonly to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes
• remain in the ear several months, then fall out on their own or are removed surgically

• perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present
• may be caused by a blow to the head, ingestion of large doses of aspirin, anemia, noise exposure, stress, impacted wax, hypertension and certain types of medications and tumors

• hallucination of movement, or a feeling of spinning or dizziness
• may be caused by a variety of disorders, including Meniere disease and labyrinthitis

measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies

• test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vistibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo
• measured with water

• method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles
• measured with electrodes

• measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels
• screening test used to determine reduction of blood flow in the carotid artery

• evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force
• used to detect glaucoma

part of an eye examination that determines the smalled letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet

examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to deterine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

• visual examination of the interior of the eye using a hand held instrument called an opphthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye.
• used to detect eye disorders as well as other disorders that cause changes in the eye

visual examinatin of the external auditory canal and the typanic membrane using an otoscope

procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

• evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays
• especially important in determining errors of refraction in babies and small children who cannot be refracted by traditional methods

• radiographic imaging procedures of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts
• performed for excessive tearing (epiphora) to determine the cause of hypersecretion of the lacrimal gland or obstruction in the lacrimal passages

• assesses blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injedtion of fluorescein dye. The dye circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained
• facilitates the in vivo study of the retinal blood flow circulation an dis particularly sueful in the management of diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration, two leading causes of blindness

exercises intended to improve eye movements or visual tracking that use training glasses, prism glasses or tinted or colored lenses

cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

artificial hearing device that produces useful hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear

formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

• removal of the eyeball from the orbit
• performed to treat cancer of the eye when the tumor is large and fills most of the structure

• removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact
• performed when the blind eye is painful or unsightly. The eye muscles are left intact, and a thin prosthesis called a cover shell is fitted over the sclera and cornea

surgical opening of a cavity within the mastoid process

• corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna
• also performed to rebuild new ears for those who lost them through burns or other trauma or were born without them

method of treating cataracts by using ultrasonic waves to disintergrate a cloudy lens, which is then aspirated and removed

• incision of the cornea for treatment of nearsightedness or astigmatism
• hairline radial incisions are made on the outer portion of the cornea that will allow the cornea to be flattened, to correct nearsightedness or to reshape an irregular curvature of the cornea in astigmatism

• surgical formation of an opening in the sclera
• commonly performed in conjunction with surgery for glaucoma

method used to evaluate sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork.

• evaluates bone conductino (BC) versus air conduction (AC) of sound
• tuning fork placed in front of the auditory meatus and on mastoid bone

• evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time
• tuning fork placed on the center of the forehead

reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; also called myringoplasty

• inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye
• dispensed as topical ointments and solutions to reat various bacterial eye infections such as conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

erythromycin base (no generic name)

decrease aqueous humor production by constricting the pupil to open the angle between the iris and cornea

• timolol; trade name betimol
• acetazolamide; trade name diamox

• drugs that disrupt papasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate
• commonly used to dilate the pupil to treat inflammatory conditions or in preparation for internal examinations of the eye

atromine sulfate; no trade names

• constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion
• are over the counter products that temporarily relieve the itching and minor irritatoin commonly associated with allergy

tetrahydrozoline; trade name Murine, Visine

• soothe dry eyes due to environmental irritants and allergens
• administered topically and may also be used to facilitate ophthalmoscopic examination in gonioscopy and ophthalmoscopy

buffered isotonic solutions; trade names Akwa Tears, Moisture Eyes

treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting

meclizine; trade names Antrizine, Bonine, Meni-D

• provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders
• may be prescribed for otitis media, otitis externa and swimmer's ear. Some otic analgesics are also wax emulsifiers

antipyrine and benzocaine. Trade names: Allergan Ear Drops, A/B Otic

• loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)
• excessive wax may be washed out, vacuumed out or removed using special instruments

carbamide peroxide: trade name Debrox Drops, Murine Ear Drops