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Shoulder Flexion
 Sagittal plane around coronal axis- POSITION- supine, arm by side on table
- AXIS- head of humerus in glenoid fossa
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-axillary line to hip, greater trochanter
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line of humerus, lateral epicondyle as a reference
-
Shoulder Extension
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION- prone, arm on table, palm up, elbow straight
- AXIS- head of humerus in glenoid fossa
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-axillary line to hip, greater trochanter
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line of humerus, lateral epicondyle as a reference
-
Shoulder ABduction
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION- supine, forearm supinated, Palm toward ceiling
- AXIS- acromion process, A to P
- PROXIMAL ARM- parallel to sternum, lateral thorax area
- DISTAL ARM- midline of the humerus, medial epicondyle as a reference
-
Shoulder ADduction
- RED SCALE
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION- supine, shoulder flexed to 90º, palm to opposite shoulder
- AXIS- acromion process, S to I
- PROXIMAL ARM- parallel to table pointing away from head, acromion as reference
- DISTAL ARM- anterior mid-humeral line
-
Shoulder Internal Rotation
- Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
- POSITION- supine, shoulders abducted 90º, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
- AXIS- olecranon process, sight a line through the shaft of the humerus
- PROXIMAL ARM- perpendicular to the table toward floor
- DISTAL ARM- midline of forearm to ulnar styloid
-
Shoulder External Rotation
- Transverse plane around the longitudinal axis
- POSITION- supine, shoulder abducted 90º, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
- AXIS- Olecranon process sight a line through humerus
- PROXIMAL ARM- Perpendicular to the table toward floor
- DISTAL ARM- midline of forearm to ulnar styloid
-
Elbow Flexion
- Sagittal plane around the coronal axis
- POSITION- supine, forearm supinated.
- AXIS- lateral epicondyle
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line lateral humerus, humeral head as reference
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line lateral forearm, radial styloid as reference
-
Elbow Extension
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION- supine, forearm supinated (raise humerus off table to visualize)
- AXIS- lateral epicondyle
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line lateral humerus, humeral head as reference
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line lateral forearm, radial styloid as reference
-
Wrist Flexion
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm toward feet
- AXIS- medial wrist through pisiform
- PROXIMAL ARM- medial mid-line of forearm, olecranon process as reference
- DISTAL ARM- medial hand, fifth MCP joint as reference
-
Wrist Extension
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm towards feet
- AXIS- medial wrist through pisiform
- PROXIMAL ARM- medial mid-line of forearm using olecranon process as reference
- DISTAL ARM- medial hand, fifth MCP joint as reference
-
Wrist Radial Deviation
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION- supine, elbow flexed to 90º, palm to mid-line of body
- AXIS- mid-line of wrist near capitate
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line of posterior forearm
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line of dorsum hand, third MCP joint as reference
-
Wrist Ulnar
- Frontal plane around the A-P axis
- POSITION- supine, elbow flexed 90º, palm to mid-line of body
- AXIS- mid-line of wrist near capitate
- PROXIMAL ARM- mid-line of posterior forearm
- DISTAL ARM- mid-line dorsum hand, third MCP joint as reference
-
Hip Flexion
- Sagittal plane around a coronal axis
- POSITION – supine, knee starts in extension but is flexed as hip flexes – looks like Thomas Orthopedic Test
- AXIS – lateral hip joint, greater trochanter as reference
- PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of body toward axilla
- DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of femur, lateral condyle as reference
-
Hip Extension
- Sagittal plane around a coronal axis
- POSITION – prone, knee extended
- AXIS – lateral hip joint, greater trochanter as reference
- PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of body toward axilla
- DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral mid-line of femur, lateral condyle as reference
-
Hip ABduction
- RED SCALE
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION - supine
- AXIS – over ASIS on side being tested
- PROXIMAL ARM – aligned from ASIS to ASIS (patient holds instrument)
- DISTAL ARM – anterior mid-line of femur, patella as reference
-
Hip ADduction
- RED SCALEFrontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION – supine, opposite leg over side of table doctor stands there for stability
- AXIS – over ASIS on side being tested
- PROXIMAL ARM – aligned from ASIS to ASIS (patient holds instrument)
- DISTAL ARM – anterior mid-line of femur, patella as reference
-
Hip External Rotation
- Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
- POSITION – supine with hip and knee flexed 90º
- AXIS- center of anterior patella
- PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to side of table and floor toward head of table
- DISTAL ARM – mid-line anterior leg, tibial crest as reference
-
Hip Internal Rotation
- Transverse plane around longitudinal axis
- POSITION – supine with hip and knee flexed 90º
- AXIS – center of anterior patella
- PROXIMAL ARM – parallel to the side of table and floor toward head of table
- DISTAL ARM – mid-line of anterior leg, tibial crest, as reference
-
Knee Flexion
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION – prone, knee extended
- AXIS – lateral condyle of femur
- PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of femur, greater trochanter as reference
- DISTAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, lateral malleolus as reference
-
Knee Extension
- Sagittal plane around the coronal axis
- POSITION – supine, knee extended
- AXIS – lateral condyle of femur
- PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of femur, greater trochanter as reference
- DISTAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, lateral malleolus as reference
-
Ankle Plantar Flexion
- RED SCALE
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION – prone, knee at 90º, start with foot at 90º (neutral position)
- AXIS – lateral malleolus
- PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of the leg, fibular head as reference
- DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral aspect of fifth metatarsal
-
Ankle Dorsiflexion
- RED SCALE
- Sagittal plane around coronal axis
- POSITION – prone, knee at 90º, start with foot at 90º (neutral position)
- AXIS –lateral malleolus
- PROXIMAL ARM – lateral mid-line of leg, fibula head as a reference
- DISTAL ARM – parallel to lateral aspect of fifth metatarsal
-
Subtalar Inversion
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION – prone, knee extended, feet off table
- AXIS – between lateral and medial malleolus at mid-calcaneal bone
- PROXIMAL ARM – mid-line of tibia, gastrocnemius
- DISTAL ARM – mid-line of calcaneal bone
-
Subtalar Eversion
- Frontal plane around A-P axis
- POSITION – prone, knee extended, feet off table
- AXIS – between lateral and medial malleolus at mid-calcaneal bone
- PROXIMAL ARM – mid-line of tibia, gastrocnemius
- DISTAL ARM – mid-line of calcaneal bone
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