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swynocker
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Late onset occurs at
60 years of age, 95% (sporadic)
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Late stage motor symptoms
- Tremor (pill rolling)
- ridgidity
- bradykinesia
- posture instab.
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Three cardinal signs of PD
- bradykinesia
- rigidity
- resting tremor
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Imaging techniques
TCS, MRI, PET, SPECT, Diffuse MRI
PET and SPECT are best
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T/F Dementia or AD symptoms may appear in some PD patients
True
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Non-motor symptoms occur ______ in PD
early
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Postmortem diagnosis is due to loss of neuromelanin-rich dopaminergic neurons in the _____ ____.
Substantia nigra
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Lewy bodies account for _%_ of clinical diagnosis.
85%
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Lewy bodies contain
- neurofilament proteins
- lipids
- ubiquitin
- alpha-synuclein
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Direct pathway is mediated by __ receptor and indirect is mediated by __ receptor.
D1, D2
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Direct path goes from striatum to the _______ _____. Indirect goes from Striatum through ___ and ______.
- Globus pallidus internal
- GPe
- Nigro-striatal
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In PD ______ of DA in striatum leads to (more/less) stimulation on striatal GABA-releasing neurons innervating the ____ _____ ______.
- Depletion
- Less
- Globus pallidus internal
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In PD _______ of dopamine in striatum leads to (more/less) inhibition via D2 on the STN glutamate releasing neurons. Therefore, the stimulatory action on GABA releasing in GPi is ________.
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Non motor symptoms of PD
- Sensory
- sleep- insomnia, vivid dreams
- psychiatric- depression, apathy, hallucinate
- GI- constipated
- Bladder disturbance
- fatigue
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Movement pathway includes the ______ __ pathway
Nigrostriatal DA pathway
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T/F Protein folding is the main cause of formation of lewy bodies and cell damage
true
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Park1-a-synuclein
- 3 mis sense mutations
- unfolded protein
- a-synuclein found in lewy bodies
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Park2 (parkin)
- account for 50% autosomal recessive PD
- overexpression toxic to DA neurons
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DJ-1 Park7
- Loss of function
- DJ-1 knock out mice increased sens. to MPTP induced loss of nigral DA neurons
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Pink1 Park 6
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- increase sensitivity to DA toxins
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Park 8 LRRK2
- Leucine rich repeast Kinase 2
- synaptic vissicle recycling
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T/F lower incidicene of PD in caffeine drinkers and smokers
True
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Cell death mechanisms in PD
- Oxidative stress
- Excitatory toxicity
- Reduced trophic support
- Inflammation in brain
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
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Treatment for PD
- Levo-Dopa
- Pallodotomy, thalamotomy, DB stim.
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