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SANS does _____ and is called _________.
- increases alertness,heart rate, BP, pulmonary airflow, blood flow to heart and skeletal muscle.
- Reduces blood flow to skin/GI tract
- Fight or Flight
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PANS does _____ and is called ____________.
- Normal body maintenance
- Feed or Breed or Resting and Digesting
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SANS is also called
Thoracolumbar Division from thoracolumbar spinal cord
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SANS has (short/long) preganglionic neuron and (short/long) postganglionic neuron
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PANS has (short/long) preganglionic neuron and (short/long) postganglionic neuron
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Synapse in SANS occurs in:
Sympathetic Chain of Ganglia
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PANS is also called
Craniosacral Division
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Synapse in PANS occurs in:
Terminal Ganglia
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Blocking Agents
drugs that block adrenergic or cholinergic receptors
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Sympatolytics
Block SANS. Drugs that block adrenergic receptors
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Parasympatholytics
Block PANS. Drugs that block Cholinergic receptors
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Receptors
- function: transduction
- converts one form of energy to another
- All receptors have the ability of SENSORY ADAPTATION
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Phasic Receptors
adapt very quickly
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Tonic receptors
adapt slowly and generate nerve signals more steadily
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Thermoreceptors
Temperature
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-
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Mechanoreceptors
Physical deformation of a cell
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Rods & Cones
Photoreceptor cell of retina. Contains visual pigments
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Rods:
- Contains visual pigment: RHODOPSIN
- absorbs onle one wavelength of light: cannot distinguish colors.
- responsible for NIGHT VISION
- Doesn't take much light to see.
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Cones:
- 3 kinds of cones, each absorbing a different wavelength of light.
- Color Vision and Day Vision
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Emmetropia
- Normal Vision
- Relaxed eye, focused on object >6m away
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Accommodation
- changing the curvature of the lens so you can focus on a nearby object
- Lens becomes more convex
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Hyperopia
- Farsightedness
- Eyeball is too short
- Tx: Convex lens
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Myopia
- Nearsightedness
- Eyeball is too long
- Tx: Concave lens
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Presbyopia
- Decreased ability for lens accommodation
- Age-related change (lens gets stiffer)
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Astigmatism
Deviation in shape of cornea
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Cataracts
Clouding of lens
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Glaucoma
- 1) Build up of Aqueous humor
- 2) Increased Intraocular Pressure
- 3) Compresses choroid (compromises blood supply)
- 4) Retinal cells die
- 5) Can result in irreversible blindness
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Conjunctivitis
- inflammation of conjunctiva
- Pink Eye
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Night Blindness
Rods cannot function properly
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Macular Degeneration
- Macula Lutea start to die
- No focal vision but still have pheriferal vision
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Color Blindness
Lack of one type of cone
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Vestibular Apparatus consist of
Saccule & Utricle and Semicircular Ducts/Canals
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Saccule and Utricle Equilibrium is in
Macula
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Semicircular Ducts/Canals Equilibrium is in
Christa Ampularis
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Static Equilibrium
Still. Not moving
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Linear Acceleration
Moving in a straight line
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Type of Equilibrium the Utricle and Saccule are responsible for
Static Equilibrium and Linear Acceleration
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Angular Acceleration
moving in different directions
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Type of Equilibrium the Semicircular Canals are responsible for
Angular Acceleration
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