The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.
kinetic energy
The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement
potential energy
Energy is neither ___ nor ___ but ___from one form to another. This property is called the ________.
created
destroyed
converted
conservation of energy
When energy is converted from ___to ___, some of the energy can be used to ___, but some energy ends up as ___, a type of _____.
potential energy
kinetic energy
do work
heat
kinetic energy
____he random motion of atoms and molecules
Heat
____ is a very disordered kind of energy. It has the highest amount of ____, or disorder, of any kind of energy.
Heat energy
entropy
A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.
entropy
The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter; it is energy in its most random form.
heat
Where do our muscles get energy to perform work?
Our bodies use the chemical energy from food to perform work.
Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy
chemical energy
When your body breaks down food molecules, the stored _____from food can be converted to ____.
potential energy
kinetic energy
The stored _____ in food is released in your muscle cells during the process of _______.
chemical energy
cellular respiration
Using oxygen, ____converts chemical energy from food to another form of chemical energy called ___. ___ + ___are by-products of cellular respiration.
cellular respiration
ATP
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
The potential energy of ___ can be converted to kinetic energy. Some of the kinetic energy is used to do useful work, but the _____ that is generated cannot be used to do work.
ATP
heat energy
An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
ATP
The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
energy
During cellular respiration, ___ releases energy. This energy is stored when a ___ is added to ___, forming ___.
glucose
phosphate group
ADP
ATP
ATP releases energy when the covalent bond between phosphate groups breaks during ___. This energy is used to drive other ___ reactions.
hydrolysis
biochemical
A starting material in a chemical reaction.
reactant
Cells contain many different molecules that can engage in a variety of chemical reactions. When molecules react, for example when they____ and ____ parts, their atoms and bonds are rearranged.
collide
exchange
___ are rearranged to form ___.
Reactants
products
Reactant and product molecules store ___ in the arrangements of their atoms and bonds. ____ involve changes in bonding and changes in energy.
potential energy
Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions that release energy are called ___, or _____ reactions.
exergonic
downhill
Other reactions, called ___, are ___changes; they absorb energy from their surroundings.
endergonic reactions
"uphill"
A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy.
exergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
endergonic reaction
In exergonic reactions, the potential energy of the molecules ____.
decreases
What can a cell do to make an endergonic reaction happen?
energy coupling
obtaining chemical energy from an exergonic reaction and then using the energy to drive an endergonic reaction.
energy coupling
____ is the key to energy coupling in the cell.
ATP
In an ____ reaction, ATP becomes ADP as a phosphate is removed; a reactant molecule acquires the phosphate from ATP and gains energy. Now the reaction can proceed.
exergonic
True or False: For any reaction to occur, even a downhill reaction, some energy must be added to get the reaction going.
True
What is energy even in downhill reactions used for??
to break bonds in the reactant molecules
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the ___. This required energy input represents a barrier that prevents even ______ from occurring without some added energy.
energy of activation (EA).
energy-releasing exergonic reactions
A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
enzyme
How does a living cell overcome the energy barrier so that its metabolic reactions can occur quickly and precisely?
A special kind of protein called an enzyme
___ serves as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of a reaction without being changed into a different molecule; it does not add energy to a reaction; instead, it speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier.
an enzyme
The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
active site
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
substrate
True or False: An enzyme is not selective.
False:An enzyme is very selective.
Its three-dimensional shape allows it to act only on specific molecules, called substrates
As the substrates bind to the enzyme's ____, they are held in a position that facilitates the reaction. This takes less ______ than the unaided reaction. ____ form and are released. The enzyme emerges unchanged from the reaction.
active site
activation energy
products
Because of the specific fit between enzyme and substrate, what can each enzyme do??
Each enzyme can catalyze only one kind of reaction involving specific substrates.