bio chp. 9

• an enzyme complex consisting of two components:
• ATPase "knob" (F₁ unit)
• membrane-bound, proton-transporting base (F₀ unit)
• *makes most of the ATP that keeps you alive!
• produces 25 of the 29 ATP molecs produced per glucose molecule during cell respiration

• are connected by a rotor, which spins the F₁ unit, and a stator, which interacts with the spinning F₁ unit
• protons flowing through the F₀ unit causes the the rotor connecting the tow subunits to spin

As F1 unit spins, its subunits change shape, and catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

• HIGH yield!
• most of the "payoff" from glucose oxidation occurs via oxidative phosphorylation;
• ATP synthase produces 25 of the 29 ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule during cell respiration
• total of 29 ATP: 2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric cycle, & 25 from ATP synthase

• aerobic
• anaerobic

• when oxygen is the final electron acceptor of electron transport chains(ETC)
• in all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

• use other electron acceptors(not oxygen) as a final electron acceptor
• in some prokaryotes, especially those in oxygen-poor environments (ex: smelly lake)

• oxygen is very electronegative - making it the most effective e^- acceptor
• large difference between the potential energy of NADH and O₂ e^- which allows the generation of a large proton-motive force for ATP production

• cells that do not use oxygen as an e^- acceptor cannot generate such a large potential energy difference
• ...they make less ATP than cells that use aerobic respiration
• for us: w/out O₂ our system will shut down!

• they need high-energy e^- for generating chemical energy in the form of ATP
• and a source of carbon-containing molecules for synthesizing macromolecules

• includes thousands of different chemical reactions
• has two categories:
• catabolic & anabolic

• large molecules to small molecules
• --- cellular respiration

• *store energy
• make large molecules from small molecules
• ---dehydration synthesis...make nucleic acid from nucleotides
• anabolic steroids = BIG muscle "build up"

for ATP production, cells first use carbohydrates(glycogen), then fats, and finally proteins

• glycogen --- glucose
• go through cellular respiration
• fastest way to get ATP

fat stores pyruvate and then it can go into citric cycle

• break down to amino acids --- energy!
• ...eats away at muscle...leaving no body muscle
• (shows in starving children)

molecules found in carbohydrate metabolism are used to synthesize macromolecules such as RNA, DNA, glycogen, or starch, amino acids, fatty acids, and other cell components