Bio

juice from tabacco leaves caused infections on other tabacco plants

tiny particles in the juice caused the infection named particle virus which means poison

non-cellular particle made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells

• 1.core of nucleic acide (DNA or RNA)
• 2.protein coat (capsid) that surrounds nucleic acid

virus that infects bacteria

rode, cubes, helix

10-300nm(nanometer) cant see a virus unless you use SEM or TEM microscope

specific host, eg plan animal mammal bird

• genetic material
• replcate (reproduce)
• evolve (mutate)

• non-cellular
• requires a host
• doesnt use energy (ATP)

viruses cause infections by injecting DNA/RNA into host

• infection
• growth
• replication
• lysis

• attaches to host cell using tail fibres
• inserts DNA into cell

• host RNA polymerase makes MRNA("copy") from viral DNA
• MRNA is going to take over host cell

virus uses host machienery(ribsomes, gongi etc) to construct DNA(nucleic acid) and capsids (protein)

• host cell beomes filled with new viruses bursts(lyse)
• spreads viruses to neighbouring cells, can happen in 25 minuets

• infection phase=same as lytic
• growth phase is viral DNA incorporated with host DNA
• is a prophage, remains dormat for "long" time, ie HIV
• each time host cell replicates the viral DNA also replicates

• pro=frist
• kingdom monera, unicellular, 1-10um. yes cell walls, no membrane bound, no nucleus, no chloroplasts

• eu=true
• plante animalia fungi protista, uni or multi, 10-100um(micro-meter) cell walls for plants and fugi, yes membrane bound, yes nuclus, chloroplasts in plants and protists

all are prokaryotic and all are bacteri. devides into 4 plyla

true bacteria, withininclude all bacteria cept for archaebacteria

phylum of bacteria, gets energy from photosynthesis(single cell organisms)

group of single-celled microrganisms, have no cell nucleus or membrane bound

photosynthetic organism

parent cell seperates to 2 daughter cells

two cells get together and become one

sa:v

genetic research, gene therapy, genetic engineering

disease, cancer

good hygiene, healthy lifestyle (diet exercise)

• skin: oil and sweat provides acidic environment
• cilia/mucus: traps virus
• secretion: destroy viruses
• phagocytes: viruses leading to inflammation and fever
• interferon: infected cell produce protein and interferes with virus and slows it

• antibodies/immune response: produced that bind to and inactivate virus (antigen)
• immunity: active:injection of vaccine to produce antibodies passive: injection of antibodies proced in another animal
• cells mediated immunity: killer t-cells attack antigen-bearing cells and destroys them

rod, sphere, spiral

• porpelled by flagella
• lash snake =spiral forward
• glide on slimelike material
• cessile (no movement)

• autotrophs a) phototrophic autotrophs-obtain energy from sun (like plants)
• b) chemotrophic autotrophs-live in harsh enviro, obtain energy from inortganic molecules (hydrogen sulfige, nitrites etc)

• heterotrophs a)chemotrophic heterotrophs- break down organic molecules, most bacteria and animals
• b) phototrophic heterotrophs-photosynthetic but also needs organic compounds

gram positive, produce endopores

cuckus, gros in colonies of 2 cells, non pathogenic, clumps of clustures

posseses bipolar tufts of flagella

take up crystal violit and appear purple

take up satarine, appear red/pink, mure toxic, mure resistant to antibiotics

dormat form of bacteria when they are inactive

source of food, place/habitate to live

mass of microrganismes all orginate from single parent cell. all genetically identical (clones)

needs constant supply of energy, involves O2 and fermentation no O2

require constant supply of O2

must live in absence of o2, found in soil produces toxis, canned food

not need o2 to live but not die without the presence of o2