Organic Chemistry

Acidified Potassium Dichromate H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2- or Acidified Potassium Permangenate H^+/MnO₄^-.

From purple to colourless beacuse Mn²⁺ ions are formed which are colourless.

From orange to green because Cr³⁺ ions are formed which are green.

They are liquids which are fully miscible in water.

Carboxylic acids

Break it after the COO and name the alkane part ie ethyl, methyl. Then name the acid and add -oate to the end.

Low mass are miscible in water. High mass are not. Strong smelling.

An Ester and water

Sodium Carbonate Solution

An acid catalyst such as a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Hydrolosis which means splitting by water. Adding an ester to water produces the alcohol and acid.

Either acid or base

Propan-1-2-3-triol

When glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids and forms three ester linkages. The result is a triglyceride. Fats and Oils are triglycerides.

When the ester links in fats or oils are hydrolysed by sodium hydroxide solution. The products are glycerol and Sodium salt of the fatty acid which is soap. The OH from NaOH is part of the glycerol and the Na attaches to the O with the single bond.

• Saturated: No more atoms can join the chain.
• Unsaturated: More atoms can join the chain if a c=c or triple bond is broken.

Clean flame

Sooty flame

One atom from a halogen molecule (ie Br₂) is substituted with a hydrogen atom in an alkane. The other halogen atom joins with the hydrogen forming a hydrogen halide.

An addition reaction incvolves breaking the double/ triple bonds and adding atoms to the chain. Hydrogenation involves breaking the double/triple bond to add hydrogen atoms, halogenation involves breaking the bonds to add halogen atoms.

When many monomers join together to form a polymer. A polymer is an alkene that joins to other alkenes by breaking the bonds.

• The alkane will not decolourise the brown solution instantly as a catalyst needs to be present such as UV light.
• The alkene will decolourise it instantly.

• Alkenes undergo an oxidation reaction and form a diol. They also form Mn²⁺ ions which are colourless and turn the purple solution colourless.
• Alkanesform two layers.

The rich gets richer. That is how you determine which C atom to put the H atom from HCl on to. This is the major product and is made in the greater amount. The minor product is when the Hydrogen goes to the C with the least C atoms. This is made in the less amount.