-
What is osteoporosis?
porous bones, loss of bone density
-
What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
- female
- caucasian/asian
- small frame
- short stature
- family history
- diet deficient in CA++ and vitamin D
- hyperthyroid
- prolonged corticosteriod usage
- sedentary lifestyle
- postmenopausal
- smoking
- chemo or breast cancer
-
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis - degeneration of movable joints causing deterioration of articular tissue and new bone formation, asymmetrical, crepitus, joint enlargement
- Rheumatoid - chronic inflammatory disease, symmetrical, constitutional symptoms, swelling
-
What is distal kyphosis?
hunchback. often occurs with osteoporosis
-
What is lordosis?
Swayback - accentuation of concavity in lower back
-
What is scoliosis and how is it assessed?
lateral deviation of the spine, assessed with forward flexion
-
What is the scale for measuring muscle strength?
- 0 - no contraction
- 1 - contraction but no movement
- 2 - passive ROM without gravity
- 3 - AROM
- 4 - AROM with light to moderate resistance
- 5 - AROM with full resistance
-
How do you assess cranial nerve X (spinal accessory)
put hands on shoulders and have patient shrug (checks trapezius muscle)
-
What are the types of range of motion of joints?
- active
- passive
- active assistive
- full
-
What is ankylosis?
abnormal joint mobility and consolidation
-
What are the types of joints?
- ball and socket - shoulder, hip
- hinge - elbow, ankle, knee
- saddle - thumb
- gliding - foot
- pivot - neck
- slightly movable - vertebral
-
What are sports medicine recommendations to prevent injury?
warm up, exercise at least 150min/week in 20 min intervals, cool down
-
What are the 5 assessment components of a neuro. assessment?
mental status, sensory system, motor system, reflexes, 12 pairs of cranial nerves
-
What is the order of neuro. loss?
- sensory, motor, autonomic - bowel, bladder, sexual.
- Recovery if effective occurs in reverse order
-
What are 6 parameters evaluated in formal mental status evaluation?
- attention
- remembering
- feeling
- language
- thinking
- spatial perception
-
what behaviors should be noted to evaluate emotional status?
- carelessness
- indifference
- inability to sense emotions in others
- loss of sympathetic reactions
- unusual docility
- rage reactions
- excessive irritability
-
What are tests of cognitive abilities?
- State of conciousness
- memory
- attention span
- judgement
- abstract reasoning
- arithmetic calculations
- thought processes and content
-
What are the levels of consciousness?
- alert and oriented to time place and person
- awake (may sleep more or be somewhat confused when first awakened)
- Lethargic (drowsy but able to follow simple commands)
- Stuporous (very hard to arouse, inconsistantly may follow simple commands or speak short words/phrases)
- Semicomatose (movements purposeful when stimulated, does not follow commands or speak clearly)
- Comatose (reflexive posturing or no response)
-
What is tested in a quick orientation and short term memory assessment?
- orientation to person
- orientation to place
- orientation to time
- short term memory of facts
- short term recall
-
What are signs of possible cognititive impairment?
- significant memory loss
- difference in personality
- hazardous behavior
- getting lost in familiar places
- agitation
- suspiciousness
- impaired communication
- nocturnal confusion
- personal self care difficulties
- rambling speech
- catastrophic reactions (rage)
-
How do you apply stimulus to test sensory system?
side to side, distal to proximal with patient's eyes closed
-
What cranial nerve innervates sensory reception on the face?
Cranial nerve V
-
How do you test primary sensory functions?
- Light touch with a wisp of cotton
- sharp and dull sensation
- temperature
- proprioception
- vibratory sensation
-
How do you test cortical sensory functions?
- stereogenesis (ability to recognize familiar objects by feel)
- graphesthisia (ability to id shapes, # or letters traced onto palm)
- two point discrimination
-
What is a tandem walk
- tests motor system (cerebellar) function
- heel to toe walk
-
What is a romberg test?
- patient stands, feet together with arms at sides, with eyes open and then closed for 20-30 seconds
- + with staggering or loss of balance
-
What are locations for deep tendon reflexes?
tricep, bicep, brachioradialis, pateller, achilles
-
What spinal nerves are tested in the biceps reflex?
C 5,6
-
What spinal nerves are tested in the triceps reflex?
C 6,7
-
What spinal nerves are tested in the brachioradialis reflex?
C 5,6
-
What spinal nerves are tested in the patellar reflex?
L 2,3,4
-
What spinal nerves are tested in the achilles reflex?
S 1,2
-
How do you score deep tendon reflexes?
- 0 - no response
- 1+ - sluggish, diminished response
- 2+ - active or expected
- 3+ - slightly hyperactive
- 4+ brisk, hyperactive
-
What kind of reflex is the plantar reflex and what spinal nerve does it test?
superficial, tests L 4,5, S1,2
-
What is the babinski sign?
- A response to the plantar reflex
- Expected in adult - all toes curl down
- Positive in adult - big toe dorsiflexes and other toes fan
- Expected in children under 2 - big toe dorsiflexes and all other toes fan
|
|
