Lab Final

sacs containing asexual spores

supporting sttructures for unprotected dust-like spores; spread in wind

microscopic

visible to naked eye ie: Mushroom

spores formed by fragmentation of the hyphae

yeast bud from parent yeast cell that breaks free

fusion cell with genetically different nuclei, sharing a common dikaryotic cytoplasm

They take up nutrients by absorption

B. Eukaryotes

Nuclei fuse w/ a diploid chromosome number

germination ----> mycelium ------> spore producing structure ----->spores

• sexually and asexually produced spores
• non-septae hyphae
• molds

• sexual or asexual reproduction
• septate hyphae
• diverse group

• sexual or asexual
• septae hyphae
• mushrooms

specialized structures that secure mold to food sources

aflatoxin - mycotoxin which is a potent carinogen

• mutualistic associate b/t a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
• survive harsh coniditions

• -Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)
• -Candida albicans
• -Cryptococcus neoformans

• -bakers yeast
• -asomycete
• -facultative aerobe (ferments glucose procuding ETOH and co2)
• -mostly reproduce through asexual budding

• -normal flora of mouth, gut, vagina
• -yeast infections often caused by antibiotic therapy
• -thrush, vulvovaginitis

• -basidiomycota
• -provides resistance to phagocytosis
• -most dangerous fungal disease
• -found in pigeon droppings

• 1) Hypersensitivity - allergic reaction to molds and spores
• 2) Mycotoxicoses - toxic poisoining of man and animals by contaminated feeds and foods
• 3) Mycetismus - ingestion of toxin (shrooms)
• 4) Fungal infection - growth of fungus affects organ functioning

• -pinworm
• -eggs ingested by human, eggs attach on perianal folds, reingested, cycle continues

• -hookworm
• -host: human, cats, dogs
• -attach in human intestine
• -penetrates through skin (bare feet) soil borne

• -roundworm
• -ingested in contanimated food and then eggs hatch and grow in small intestine
• -contact to contact transmission

• -travelers diarrhea
• -fecal-oral through water and food
• -release trophozoites

• -flesh eating disease
• -vector = sandfly

• -vector: female mosquito
• -definitive host = mosquito (sexual reproduction)
• -intermediate host = human (asexual reproduction)

• -Enzyme Linked Immunosuppresorbent Assay
• -viral and bacterial dx
• -detection of antibodies

-produce and secrete antibodies

• -protein
• -produced by B cells
• -recognize and gind to antigens

• foreign protein/chemical substance that elicit an immune response
• usually found on cell surface

• -opsonization
• -neutralization
• -complement activation

• -antibodies cover bacteria
• -macrophages recognize constant regions of antibodies, engulf bacteria and degrade organism

prevent bacteria or toxins from adhereing to cells

complement = blood plasma based proteins that recognize antibody bound pathogens and target them for destruction by macrophages

• 1) known antigen added to well
• 2) blocking buffer added to block all other proteins
• 3) sample of patients serum added
• 4) wash well
• 5) secondary antibody added
• 6) wash well
• 7) chemical added to observe reaction

• gene expression profiling
• used to compare gene expression of different cells exposed to different conditions

DNA coding for gene is transcribed to mRNA and then translated into protein

• 1) DNA sequences are printed onto a slide
• 2) mRNA isolated from normal and experimental cells
• 3) synthesize labeled cDNA from ea mRNA via reverse transcriptase
• 4) Hybridize labeled cDNA's
• 5) rinse unbound labeled cDNA's
• 6)observe resulting colors to identify gene expression

Streptococcus pyogenes

• gram -
• facultative anaerobes bacilli
• oxidase-negative
• non spore forming
• transmitted by fecal-oral route

• Enteropathogenic E. coli
• Enterotoxigenic E. coli
• Enteroinvasive E. coli
• Enterohemmorhagic E. coli

• infant diarrhea
• fever, vomiting, nausea

• mild to severe diarrhea
• travelers diarrhea
• heat stable

dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

• usually sero type O157:H7
• bloody large volume diarrhea
• can get into bloodstream
• vero-toxin

• -all cause dysentary
• -only a few needed to cause disease (200)
• -resistant to stomach acid
• -Shiga toxin = neuro toxin

• -transmitted by contaminated food
• -usually self limiting
• -sever = typhoid fever

• -opportunistic
• -motile
• -rapid urease positive

• -opportunistic
• -along w/ Klebsiella and Serratia primary cause of sepsis from contaminated IV fluids
• -can multiply in glucose

• -opportunistic
• -hands of hospital personal = primary mode of transmission
• -red pigment at room temperature

• -non motile
• -pneumonia
• -hospital acquired
• -nosocomial
• -equipment and contaminated IV fluids/medication