-
most common sign of hiatal hernia
heat burn
-
major symptom of Achalasia
progressive dysphagia with possible retrosternal chest pain
-
what is the major symptom of Esophageal Lacerations (mallory-weiss syndrome)
hematemesis (but not as much as Esophageal Varices--it has massive hematemesis)
-
regarding Espphagitis, what is the most common mechanism of mucosal injury in the US?
chronic gastric reflux
-
what is the major symptom of GERD
recurrent heartburn
-
what condition caries the most increased risk for adenocarcinoma in the esophagus
barrett esophagus
-
what is the most common pattern of esophageal carcinoma in the US
adenocarcinoma
-
what is the major risk factor for adenocarcinoma
barrett esophagus secondary to chronic GERD
-
which type of Gastritis is more common between chronic and acute
chronic gastritis
-
what is a common cause of hematemesis in alcoholics
acute gastritis
-
regarding gastric ulcerations, where do most ulcers of the GI tract occur
stomach or duodenum
-
peptic ulcer disease most often occurs where
first portion of duodenum
-
where are most Acute Gastric Ulcerations (stress ulcers) located
stomach
-
what is the most common type of Gastric Polyp
hyperplastic polyps
-
what type of carcinoma accounts for 90% of gastric cancers
gastric carcinomas
-
one of the most contributing factors to the Intestinal type of gastric carcinoma
diet
-
was the most common type of gastric carcinoma, now it is declining and not the most common
intestinal type
-
incidence has increased, it is now the most common type of gastric carcinoma
diffuse type
-
which type of gastric carcinoma is worse
diffuse type
-
what is the most common and most innocuous developmental anomaly of the small intestine
mekel diverticulum
-
most common bowel obstruction
herniation
-
least likely place in GI to get a tumor
small intestine
-
what is the most common cancer of the small bowel (although small percentage in whole GI)
adenocarcinoma
-
although both uncommon, which is more common, UC or Chrones
UC
-
what is the most common site for a diverticula of the GI tract
colon
(meckel was the most common diverticulum in the small intestine)
-
what is the most common cause of excessive bilirubin production
hemolytic anemias
-
the 3 most common causes of jaundice overall
hemolytic anemias, hepatitis, and obstruction of bile outflow
-
what is the most common route of to liver failure?
chronic liver disease
-
#1 cause of liver Cirrhosis
alcoholic liver disease (but we have to know all 7 in order)
-
Portal hypertension is most commonly caused by what
Cirrhosis (not the other way around)
-
what is the most defining sign of hepatitis
jaundice
-
which patter of liver disease, due to chronic alcohol consumption, is most reversible ?
hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)
-
what is the leading cause of liver disease in the US
excessive ethanol consumption
-
which patter of liver disease, due to chronic alcohol consumption, is most associated with Mallory bodies, binge drinking, and is episodic
alcoholic hepatitis
-
which patter of liver disease, due to chronic alcohol consumption, is totally irreversible
cirrhosis
-
which inborn error of bilirubin metabolism is most common and most innocuous?
gilbert syndrome
-
which inborn error of bilirubin metabolism is the worst and associated with Kernictereus
crigler najjar type 1
-
what is the most common tumor of the liver
cavernous hemangioma (benign hammertoma)
-
what is the most common gallstone
cholesterol stone
-
one of the most common indications for abdominal surgery in the US
cholecystitis
-
what is the major mechanism for chronic cholecystitis
chemical injury by supersaturated bile
-
most contributing condition of acute pancreatitis
alcoholism or gallstones
-
what is the cardinal manifestation of acute pancreatitis
severe mid abdominal pain
-
-what is the major risk for carcinoma in the pancreas
-all are what type of carcinoma
-most likely part of the pancreas to get it
smoking
adenocarinoma
head of pancreas
-
what is the first symptom of carcinoma of the pancreas?
what is the prognosis for it?
pain
poor--only 2% 5 yr survival rate
-
most beta cell tumors are: benign or malignant?
most gastrin producing tumors are ?
benign
malignant
-
what is the universal defining sign or diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
-
what is the standard of care and the most common used test for the initial diagnosis of DM
fasting blood glucose
-
what is the most common test for gestational diabetes
glucose tolerance test
-
what is the most useful test for monitoring disease control of DM
hemoglobin A1C test
-
what is the most essential treatment for type 1 DM
insulin replacement
-
in DM, are genetics more important in type 1 or 2?
type 2
-
in DM type 2, the most important constitutional factor is what
obesity
-
what is the first line of treatment in type 2 DM
diet
-
what is the major target of DM
blood vessels
-
what is the most common breast disorder
fibrocystic changes
-
what is the most common type of fibrocystic change
cysts and fibrosis
-
what is the most likely fibrocystic change to be mistaken from breast carcinoma
sclerosing adenosis
-
what is the most common benign tumor of the female breast
fibroadenoma
-
what is the most common cancer in women
breast carcinoma
-
most common cancer in males
carcinoma of the prostate
-
which type of testicular neoplasm has the best prognosis
which has the worst
seminoma
immature teratoma
-
most common tumor in adult women
leiomyoma/fibroids
-
what is the most common cancer of the female genital tract
endometrial carcinoma
-
most deadly female genital cancer
ovarian neoplasm
-
most common type of ovarian tumor
serous tumor
-
what is the most common cause of excess anterior pituitary hormone production
functional pituitary adenoma
-
most common disease that causes thyrotoxicosis
graves disease
-
most common form of thyroiditis
hashimoto thyroiditis
-
are thyroid carcinomas or thyroid adenomas more common
thyroid adenomas
-
most common type of thyroid adenoma
follicular thyroid adenoma
-
most common thyroid carcinoma
papillary carcinoma
-
what is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
functional adenoma
-
what is the hallmark of primary hyperparathyroidism
hyperalcema
-
what is the most common primary cortical destruction of the adrenal cortex
addison disease
-
what is the most common mechanism for addison disease
idiopathic-autoimmune
-it used to be TB
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